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{{Lung cancer}}
{{Lung cancer}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' Kim-Son H. Nguyen, M.D., M.P.A., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, {{CZ}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  {{KSH}} {{CZ}} {{SH}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The main causes of any cancer include carcinogens (such as those in tobacco smoke), ionizing radiation, and viral infection. This exposure causes cumulative changes to the DNA in the tissue lining the bronchi of the lungs (the bronchial epithelium). As more tissue becomes damaged, eventually a cancer develops.Lung cancer is the deadliest type of cancer for both men and women. Each year, more people die of lung cancer than breast, colon, and prostate cancers combined.
The direct cause of lung cancer is [[DNA mutations]] that often result in either activation of [[Proto-oncogene|proto-oncogenes]] (e.g. '''[[KRAS|K-RAS]]''') or the inactivation of [[Tumor suppressor gene|tumors suppressor genes]] (e.g. '''[[TP53]]''') or both. The risk of these [[genetic mutations]] may be increased following exposure to environmental insults.


==Causes==
==Causes==
* Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Risk is determined by
*The direct cause of lung cancer is [[DNA mutations]] that often result in either activation of [[Proto-oncogene|proto-oncogenes]] (e.g. '''[[KRAS|K-RAS]]''') or the inactivation of [[Tumor suppressor gene|tumors suppressor genes]] (e.g. '''[[TP53]]''') or both.<ref>American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2017.
** The more cigarettes you smoke per day,
Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2017.</ref><ref name="pmid23122493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karachaliou N, Mayo C, Costa C, Magrí I, Gimenez-Capitan A, Molina-Vila MA, Rosell R |title=KRAS mutations in lung cancer |journal=Clin Lung Cancer |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=205–14 |year=2013 |pmid=23122493 |doi=10.1016/j.cllc.2012.09.007 |url=}}</ref>
** The earlier you started smoking.  
*The risk of these [[genetic mutations]] may be increased following exposure to environmental insults, which are regarded as [[Risk factor|risk factors]] that [[Predisposition|predispose]] to the development of lung cancer.


There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk of lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.
*To view a comprehensive list of [[Risk factor|risk factors]] that increase the risk of lung cancer, click [[Lung cancer risk factors|'''here''']].
 
* Exposure to [[Radon]] is the second leading cause of lung cancer. [[Alpha decay]] products from Radon causes the damage.
 
* There is a good chance of lung cancer in aluminum workers, gasification and cooking coal, the foundry industry, the production of isopropyl alcohol, the rubber industry, and the mining of hematite.
 
* Long term exposure to [[Asbestos]] can also lead to lung cancer as well as another form of cancer, [[Mesothelioma]].
 
Also, chances of lung cancer is increased by the presence of certain [[Lung cancer risk factors|risk factors]].


==References==
==References==
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{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
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[[Category:Lung cancer]]
[[Category:Lung cancer]]
[[Category:Oncology]]


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Latest revision as of 13:47, 3 July 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kim-Son H. Nguyen M.D. Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Dildar Hussain, MBBS [3]

Overview

The direct cause of lung cancer is DNA mutations that often result in either activation of proto-oncogenes (e.g. K-RAS) or the inactivation of tumors suppressor genes (e.g. TP53) or both. The risk of these genetic mutations may be increased following exposure to environmental insults.

Causes

  • To view a comprehensive list of risk factors that increase the risk of lung cancer, click here.

References

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2017. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2017.
  2. Karachaliou N, Mayo C, Costa C, Magrí I, Gimenez-Capitan A, Molina-Vila MA, Rosell R (2013). "KRAS mutations in lung cancer". Clin Lung Cancer. 14 (3): 205–14. doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2012.09.007. PMID 23122493.

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