Scrotal mass staging TNM

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Scrotal Mass Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Scrotal Mass from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Studies

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Scrotal mass staging TNM On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Scrotal mass staging TNM

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Scrotal mass staging TNM

CDC on Scrotal mass staging TNM

Scrotal mass staging TNM in the news

Blogs on Scrotal mass staging TNM

Directions to Hospitals Treating bone or soft tissue mass

Risk calculators and risk factors for Scrotal mass staging TNM

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujit Routray, M.D. [2]

Overview

According to the TNM classification and stage groupings, there are 3 stages of testicular cancer based on the size and extent of the primary tumor, number and location of any regional lymph nodes (abdominal retroperitoneal) infiltrated by tumor cells, distant metastasis, and serum tumor marker levels.[1]

Staging

The staging for testicular cancer is performed according to the TNM system with stage groupings. It can be remembered in its abbreviated form as:[2]

  • Stage I: confined to testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, scrotum
  • Stage II: lymph nodes involved but no distant metastases, and serum tumor markers are not very high
  • Stage III: distant metastases or moderately high serum tumor markers

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) includes serum tumor marker levels in the stages for testicular germ cell tumors. S describes the levels of serum tumor markers in the blood after orchiectomy. The serum tumor markers measured are alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).[3]

S Serum tumor marker levels
SX Tumor marker levels are not available or have not been measured.
S0 Tumor marker levels are normal.
S1 All tumor marker levels are above normal.
  • AFP is less than 1,000 ng/mL.
  • HCG is less than 5,000 mIU/mL.
  • LDH is less than 1.5 times the upper limit of the normal range.
S2 At least one tumor marker level is high.
  • AFP is between 1,000 and 10,000 ng/mL.
  • HCG is between 5,000 and 50,000 mIU/mL.
  • LDH is 1.5–10 times the upper limit of the normal range.
S3 At least one tumor marker level is very high.
  • AFP is higher than 10,000 ng/mL.
  • HCG is higher than 50,000 mIU/mL.
  • LDH is more than 10 times the upper limit of the normal range.

TNM Classification for Testicular Cancer

TNM stands for tumor, nodes, and metastasis. TNM staging describes:[2]

  • size and extent of the primary tumor
  • number and location of any regional lymph nodes (abdominal retroperitoneal nodes) infiltrated by tumor cells
  • whether the cancer metastasized to distant part of the body
TNM Classification Definition
Primary Tumor (T)
TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed (orchiectomy not performed)
T0 No evidence of primary tumor
Tis Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (carcinoma in situ)
T1

Tumor limited to testis and epididymis
May invade tunica albuginea
May NOT invade tunica vaginalis
No vascular or lymphatic invasion

T2

Tumor limited to testis and epididymis
Involvement of tunica vaginalis
Vascular or lymphatic invasion

T3 Invasion of the spermatic cord
T4 Invasion of the scrotum
Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 No evidence of nodal involvement
N1 One or more lymph nodes involved, but all <2 cm in greatest dimension
N2 One or more lymph nodes involved 2-5 cm in greatest dimension
N3 One or more lymph nodes involved >5 cm in greatest dimension
Distant Metastasis (M)
MX Presence of metastases cannot be assessed
M0 No evidence of metastases
M1 Distant metastases present
  • M1a: non-regional lymph node OR pulmonary metastases
  • M1b: distant metastases not fulfilling M1a

References

  1. Staging testicular cancer. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/testicular/staging/?region=on. Accessed on February 29, 2016
  2. 2.0 2.1 Testicular cancer staging. Dr Marcin Czarniecki and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/testicular-cancer-staging. Accessed on February 26, 2016
  3. Staging testicular cancer. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/testicular/staging/?region=on. Accessed on February 26, 2016


Template:WikiDoc Sources