Mastoiditis causes
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Mastoiditis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2]
Overview
Mastoiditis results from middle ear infection. The most common bacteria that cause acute mastoiditis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus.[1] Staphylococci, Pseudomonas species, and polymicrobials are predominantly seen in non-acute mastoiditis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be found in children with acute mastoiditis as a consequence of recurrent acute otitis media and antibiotic use.[2]
Causes
Life-threatening causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of mastoiditis, though complications resulting from untreated mastoiditis are common.
Common Causes
Mastoiditis is caused by untreated acute otitis media (middle ear infection). Accordingly, the bacterial pathogens that cause mastoiditis are similar to the pathogens that cause infectious otitis media. The most common causes are:[3][4][5]
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus)
Rare causes
Bacterial
- Haemophilus influenzae is rare in mastoiditis during childhood despite being the second most frequent cause of acute otitis media.[6]
- Cochlear implant infections[7]
Non-bacterial
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | Cholesteatoma, cochlear implant infections |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency, Nijmegen breakage syndrome |
| Hematologic | Histiocytosis X |
| Iatrogenic | Cochlear implant infections |
| Infectious Disease | Anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides, Blastomycosis, Enterobacteriaceae, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, MRSA, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pasteurella multocida, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus Group A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Histiocytosis X |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Histiocytosis X |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Anaerobic bacteria
- Bacteroides
- Blastomycosis
- Cholesteatoma
- Cochlear implant infections
- Enterobacteriaceae
- Fusobacterium
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Histiocytosis X
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- MRSA
- Mycobacterium bovis
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency
- Nijmegen breakage syndrome
- Pasteurella multocida
- Peptostreptococcus
- Porphyromonas
- Prevotella
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
- Streptococcus Group A
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus pyogenes
References
- ↑ Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A (2008). "Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 72 (5): 629–34. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013. PMID 18304656.
- ↑ Chien JH, Chen YS, Hung IF, Hsieh KS, Wu KS, Cheng MF (2012). "Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges". J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 45 (5): 377–81. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008. PMID 22578647.
- ↑ Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A (2008). "Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 72 (5): 629–34. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013. PMID 18304656.
- ↑ Chien JH, Chen YS, Hung IF, Hsieh KS, Wu KS, Cheng MF (2012). "Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges". J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 45 (5): 377–81. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008. PMID 22578647.
- ↑ Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A (2012). "Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 76 (10): 1494–500. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002. PMID 22832239.
- ↑ Benito MB, Gorricho BP (2007). "Acute mastoiditis: increase in the incidence and complications". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 71 (7): 1007–11. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.02.014. PMID 17493691.
- ↑ McCarrick H (1969). "Royal occasion at Nocton Hall". Nurs Times. 65 (44): 1389. PMID 5346614.
- ↑ Bozdemir K, Tarlak B, Cakar H, Doblan A, Kutluhan A, Dilek I, Adıyaman Süngü N (2013). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis in bilateral mastoid cavity". Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2013: 957926. doi:10.1155/2013/957926. PMC 3691895. PMID 23841005.