Mastoiditis epidemiology and demographics
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Mastoiditis Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2]
Overview
Mastoiditis incidence is 1.2–6.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in developed countries. Serious progressions appear more frequently in young children. After using pneumococcal vaccination, the rate of acute otitis media and mastoiditis decreased dramatically. However, there is a concern about rising incidence, which is connected to inadequate antibiotic dosing in otitis media, choice of antibiotics, and increasing resistance of bacteria. Acute mastoiditis is most common among children under two years of age.[1] Men and women are affected equally by mastoiditis. Otitis media and therefore mastoiditis are more prevalent in developing countries, specifically Sub-Saharan West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. Risk factors that may contribute to higher incidence in developing countries include exposure to HIV, malnutrition, a large proportion of children under 5 years in the population, and higher chance of water contamination.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
Mastoiditis incidence is 1.2–6.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in developed countries.[2][3] Rapid disease progression appears to be more frequent in young children. After using pneumococcal vaccination, the rate of acute otitis media and mastoiditis decreased dramatically. However, there is a concern about rising incidence, which is connected to inadequate antibiotic dosing in otitis media, choice of antibiotics, and increasing resistance of bacteria.[4]
Age
- Acute mastoiditis is most common in children under two years of age. [5]
- The most common ages affected are 6–13 months because, during these ages, ear infections are common.[5]
Gender
- Males and women are affected equally by mastoiditis.
Race
- There is no racial predilection for mastoiditis.
Developing Countries
Otitis media and therefore mastoiditis is most prevalent in developing countries, specifically Sub-Saharan West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.[6]
- The incidence of otitis media in the above countries is between two and eight times higher than the rest of the world.
The following risk factors are more prevalent in developing countries, correlated to the increase in otitis media incidence:[7]
- Exposure to HIV
- Malnutrition
- Large proportion of children under 5 years old in population
- Higher chance of water contamination
References
- ↑ Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A (2012). "Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 76 (10): 1494–500. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002. PMID 22832239.
- ↑ Vassbotn FS, Klausen OG, Lind O, Moller P (2002). "Acute mastoiditis in a Norwegian population: a 20 year retrospective study". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 62 (3): 237–42. PMID 11852127.
- ↑ Vassbotn FS, Klausen OG, Lind O, Moller P (2002). "Acute mastoiditis in a Norwegian population: a 20 year retrospective study". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 62 (3): 237–42. PMID 11852127.
- ↑ Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A (2008). "Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 72 (5): 629–34. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013. PMID 18304656.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A (2012). "Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 76 (10): 1494–500. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002. PMID 22832239.
- ↑ Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M (2014). "Update on otitis media - prevention and treatment". Infect Drug Resist. 7: 15–24. doi:10.2147/IDR.S39637. PMC 3894142. PMID 24453496.
- ↑ Lowy, Franklin D.; Zhang, Yan; Xu, Min; Zhang, Jin; Zeng, Lingxia; Wang, Yanfei; Zheng, Qing Yin (2014). "Risk Factors for Chronic and Recurrent Otitis Media–A Meta-Analysis". PLoS ONE. 9 (1): e86397. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086397. ISSN 1932-6203.