Dysphagia classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]
Overview
Dysphagia may be classified based on the location into oropharyngeal dysphagia or esophageal dysphagia. Dysphagia may also be classified based on etiology into further six subclasses which include infectious, metabolic, myopathic, neurological, structural and, iatrogenic.
Classification of Dysphagia
Dysphagia may be classified based on the location into two major types:[1][2][3]
- Oropharyngeal dysphagia
- Esophageal dysphagia
Dysphagia can also be classified based on the etiology into six sub classes:
- Infectious
- Metabolic
- Myopathic
- Neurological
- Structural
- Iatrogenic
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
- Arises from abnormalities of the upper esophagus, pharynx, and oral cavity.
Esophageal Dysphagia
- Arises from the body of the esophagus, lower esophageal sphincter, or cardia of the stomach.
- Most commonly esophageal dysphagia is either due to mechanical obstruction of esophageal lumen or motility problems.
Functional dysphagia
- Dysphagia due to no organic cause.
- Diagnosis of exclusion.
| Classification of Dysphagia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Based on etiology | Based on location | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Metabolic | Infectious | Myopathic | Neurological | Structural | Iatrogenic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| •Amyloidosis •Cushings syndrome •Thyrotoxicosis •Wilsons disease | • Mucositis •Diphtheria •Botulism •Lymes disease •Syphilis | •Connective tissue disease •Dermatomyositis •Myasthenia gravis •Myotonic dystrophy • Polymyositis •Sarcoidosis •Paraneoplastic syndromes | •Brainstem tumors •Head trauma • Stroke • Cerebral palsy • Gullian barre syndrome • Huntington disease • Multiple sclerosis • Postpolio syndrome • Tardive dyskinesia • Metabolic encephalopathies • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis • Parkinson's disease • Dementia | • Cricopharyngeal bar • Zenkers diverticulum • Cervical webs • Oropharyngeal tumors • Osteophytes and skeletal abnormalities •Congenital(cleft palate,diverticula,pouches) | •Medication side effects(neuroleptics) • Radiation •Corrosive(pill injury,intentional) •Postsurgical muscular or neurogenic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Esophageal dysphagia | Oropharyngeal dysphagia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ↑ Wilcox CM, Alexander LN, Clark WS (1995). "Localization of an obstructing esophageal lesion. Is the patient accurate?". Dig Dis Sci. 40 (10): 2192–6. PMID 7587788.
- ↑ Kruger D (2014). "Assessing esophageal dysphagia". JAAPA. 27 (5): 23–30. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000446227.85554.fb. PMID 24691181.
- ↑ Scheurer U (1991). "[Dysphagia]". Ther Umsch. 48 (3): 150–61. PMID 2042117.