Dysphagia differential diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Overview

Several diseases such as reflux esophagitis, esophageal carcinoma, systemic sclerosis, esophageal spasm, pseudoachalasia, stroke, esophageal candidiasis and Chagas disease can present with dysphagia, and hence must be differentiated from one another.

Dysphagia Differential Diagnosis

To review the differential diagnosis of dysphagia click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dysphagia and weight loss click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dysphagia and heartburn click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of dysphagia, weight loss and heartburn click here.

Dysphagia

Dysphagia

Oropharyngeal dysphagia

Esophageal dysphagia

Solids only

Solids and Liquids

Solids only

Solids and Liquids

•Zenker's diverticulum •Neoplasm •Webs

Neurogenic

Myogenic

Pain

•Achalasia •Scleroderma •DES

•Myasthenia gravis •Connective tissue disorder •Myotonic dystrophy

No

Yes

Heart burn

Barium swallow

Mental status

•Pill esophagitis •Caustic injury •Chemotherapy

Yes

No

Impaired

Normal

Non progressive

Progressive

Sac

Webs

Mass

Scleroderma

•Achalasia •DES

Stroke

•ALS •Parkinsonism

•Rings •Webs

•Strictures •Cancer

Zenker's diverticulum

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Carcinoma

Chest pain and manometry

Barium swallow

Weight loss

Increase LES pressure

Rings

Webs

Yes

No

Rapid

Slow

Achalasia

DES

Cancer

Strictures/GERD

Several diseases such as reflux esophagitis, esophageal carcinoma, systemic sclerosis, esophageal spasm, pseudoachalasia, stroke, esophageal candidiasis and Chagas disease can present with dysphagia, and hence must be differentiated from one another.

Disease	Signs and Symptoms								Barium esophagogram	Endoscopy	Other imaging and laboratory findings	Gold Standard
	Onset	Dysphagia			Weight loss	Heartburn	Other findings	Mental status
		Solids	Liquids	Type
Plummer-Vinson syndrome	Gradual	+	-	Non progressive	+/-	-	Glossitis Koilonychia	Normal	Thin projections on the anterior esophageal wall Multiple upperesophageal constrictions	Direct visualization of esophageal webs Superior to esophagogram	Videofluoroscopy shows mucosal and submucosal foldings	Triad of Iron deficiency anemia Esophageal webs Glossitis
Esophageal stricture	Gradual or sudden	+	-	Progressive	+/-	+/-	Odynophagia Cough Chest pain	Normal	Sacculations Fixed transverse folds Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticula	Mucosal edema Circumferential thickening in GERD Pale mucosa with white exudate in lymphocytic esophagitis Swelling and hemorrhagic congestion in causticingestion	Manometry may show dysmotility CT scan for staging malignant strictures	Barium esophagogram
Diffuse esophageal spasm	Sudden	+	+	Non progressive	+	+	Chest pain	Normal	Nonperistaltic and nonpropulsive contractions Corkscrew or rosary bead esophagus	Inconclusive	Manometry shows high-amplitude esophageal contractions CT scan may show hypertrophy of esophageal muscles	Manometry
Achalasia	Gradual	+	+	Non progressive	+/-	-	Regurgitation of undigested food Chest pain	Normal	"Bird's beak" or "rat tail" appearance Dilated esophageal body Air fluid level (absent peristalsis) Absence of an intragastric air bubble	Dilated esophagus Residual food fragments Normal mucosa	Residual pressure of LES > 10 mmHg Incomplete relaxation of the LES Increased resting tone of LES Aperistalsis	History of dysphagia with positive endoscopy and manometry
Systemic sclerosis	Gradual	+	+	Progressive	+/-	+	Muscle and joint pain Raynaud's phenomenon Skin changes	Normal	Dysmotility Patulous esophagus	Mucosal damage Peptic stricture (advanced cases)	Positive serology for Antinuclear antibodies Rheumatoid factor Creatine kinase ESR	Skin biopsy
Zenker's diverticulum	Gradual	+	-		+/-	-	Food regurgitation Halitosis Cough Hoarseness	Normal	Thin projections on esophageal wall over Killian's triangle	Outpouching of posterior pharyngeal wall Exclude the presence of SCC	CT & MRI shows out-pouching over the posterior esophagus in the Killian's triangle	Barium esophagography
Esophageal carcinoma	Gradual	+	+	Progressive	+	+/-	Lymphadenopathy Cachexia	Normal	Irregular stricture Pre-stricture dilatation	Esophageal obstruction Staging of disease	CT and PET scan is an optional test for staging of the disease	Biopsy
Stroke (Cerebral hemorrhage)	Sudden	+	+	Progressive	+	+/-	Dysarthria Limb weakness Fatigue	Impaired	Pooling of contrast in the pharynx Aspiration of barium contrast into the airway	Reduced opening of upper esophageal sphincter Reduced larynx elevation	CT without contrast shows acute hemorrhage as a hyperattenuating clot	CT without contrast
Motor disorders (Myasthenia gravis)	Gradual	+	+	Progressive	+/-		Ptosis Diplopia Fatigue	Normal	Stasis in pharynx and pooling in pharyngeal recesses	Velopharyngeal insufficiency Delayed swallowing function	CT may show anterior mediastinal mass (thymoma) Positive tensilon test	Anti–acetylcholine receptor antibody test
GERD	Gradual or sudden onset	+	-	Progressive	+/-	+	Cough Hoarseness	Normal	Free acid reflux Esophagitis with scarring Strictures Barrett's oesophagus	Erythema, erosions and ulceration Barrett's esophagus	Esophageal manometry may show decreased tone of LES	24 hour esophageal pH monitoring
Esophageal web	Gradual	+	+/-	Progressive	-	+/-	Findings of the underlying cause such as iron deficiency anemia or bullous pemphigoid	Normal	Symmetrical narrowing of the esophagus	Smooth membrane not encircling the whole lumen	Videofluoroscopy shows mucosal and submucosal foldings	Barium esophagogram

• For the differential diagnosis based on dysphagia and weight loss click here.
• For the differential diagnosis based on dysphagia and heartburn click here.

References