Cholangitis causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2] Farwa Haideri [3]

Cholangitis Microchapters
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Overview

Cholangitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection, which can occur when there is blockage in the bile duct, such as a gallstone or tumor. The infection causing this condition may also spread to the liver.

Causes

Life-threatening causes

Acute suppurative cholangitis is a life-threatening cause of cholangitis.

Common causes

Cholangitis is usually caused by bile stasis. It is the ascending infection of the bile duct by bacteria, and/or parasites.

Cholangitis may be caused by:

• Bile stasis
  • Choledocholithiasis/dislodged gallstones (cholelithiasis)
  • Biliary strictures
• Bacterial infection
  • Escherichia coli
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterococcus
  • Enterobacter
  • Bacteroides
  • Clostridia
• Malignancy
  • Cancer of the pancreatic head
  • Cholangiocarcinoma
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
• Biliary tract surgery with common bile duct implantmente.g. resection of the carcinoma of ampulla of Vater

Less common causes

Less common causes of cholangitis include:

• Parasitic infections:
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Clonorchis sinensis
  • Opisthorchis viverrini
  • Ogatpisthorchis felineus
  • Taenia saginata
• Malignancy
  • Hepatoma
  • Lymphoma
  • Metastasis to bile duct

Causes by organ system

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Cidofovir, Sorafenib, Teduglutide
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Cholelithiasis, Biliary stricture, Pancreatic cancer, Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Infectious Disease	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Bacteroides, Clostridia, Ascaris lumbricoides, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Taenia saginata
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Cancer of the pancreatic head, Cholangiocarcinoma, Lymphoma, Hepatoma, Metastasis to bile duct
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

References

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