Aplastic anemia history and symptoms

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Shyam Patel [2]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.D. [3] Nazia Fuad M.D.

Overview

Aplastic anemia is seen as a result of hypoplastic bone marrow causing pancytopenia (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia). The history and symptoms seen are secondary to these abnormalities.

History

The hallmark of aplastic anemia is past history of anemia (shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, or other signs and symptoms of anemia), exposure to certain toxins or medicines, radiation or chemotherapy, infections or signs of infections, such as fever, bruises or tendency to bleed easily. Family history of anemia or other blood disorders should also be sought.

Symptoms

Decrease numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets cause most of the signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia.[1]

Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells

  • Fever
  • Frequent infections
  • Flu-like illnesses

Platelets

Other Symptoms

Aplastic anemia can cause signs and symptoms that aren't directly related to low blood cell counts. Examples include:

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

Some people who have aplastic anemia have a red blood cell disorder called paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, or PNH. Most people who have PNH don't have any signs or symptoms. In people who have aplastic anemia and PNH, either condition can develop first. If symptoms do occur, they may include:

Diagnosis and management of aplastic anemia [2] (DONOT EDIT)

Diagnosis and Evaluation of aplastic anemia

  • Careful history and clinical examination
  • Detailed drug and occupational exposure history
  • Patients presenting with aplastic anaemia should be assessed to:
  • Multidisciplinary approach
  • Referral to specialist if necessary

References

  1. Shallis RM, Ahmad R, Zeidan AM (July 2018). "Aplastic anemia: etiology, molecular pathogenesis and emerging concepts". Eur. J. Haematol. doi:10.1111/ejh.13153. PMID 30055055.
  2. Marsh JC, Ball SE, Cavenagh J, Darbyshire P, Dokal I, Gordon-Smith EC; et al. (2009). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aplastic anaemia". Br J Haematol. 147 (1): 43–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07842.x. PMID 19673883.