Pleural effusion causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]
Overview
Common causes of transudative pleural effusion include; left ventricular failure, pulmonary embolism, and cirrhosis, while common causes of exudative pleural effusions are bacterial pneumonia, cancer (with lung cancer, breast cancer, and lymphoma causing approximately 75% of all malignant pleural effusions), viral infection, and pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism may lead to formation of either transudate or exudate however, an exudate is commonly observed.
Causes
Common Causes
Common causes of transudative pleural effusion include:
Common causes of exudative pleural effusion include:
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Malignancy (Lung cancer, breast cancer, and lymphoma)
- Viral infection
- Pulmonary embolism
Other causes of pleural effusion include; tuberculosis (the most common cause of pleural effusion in some developing countries where TB is endemic), autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus, bleeding (often due to chest trauma), chylothorax (most commonly caused by trauma), and accidental infusion of fluids.
Less common causes
Less common causes of pleural effusion include, esophageal rupture or pancreatic disease, intraabdominal abscess, rheumatoid arthritis, asbestos pleural effusion, Meig's syndrome (ascites and pleural effusion due to a benign ovarian tumor), [radiation therapy]], ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, use of medications (pleural fluid is usually eosinophilic), and operative procedures as seen in coronary artery bypass surgery, liver or lung transplantation, abdominal surgery, endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy, and insertion of central lines.
Commonly asymptomatic patients presenting with a pleural effusion
- Benign asbestos pleural effusion (BAPE)
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Peritoneal dialysis
- Rheumatoid pleurisy
- Trapped lung
- Urinothorax
- Yellow nail syndrome
Typically symptomatic patients presenting with a pleural effusion
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Pleural effusion associated with malignancy
- Congestive heart failure
- Lupus pleuritis
- Malignant mesothelioma
- Postcardiac injury syndrome (PCIS)
- Pulmonary embolism
- Tuberculous pleural effusion
- Viral pleurisy[1]
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ Light, Richard J. (2007). Pleural diseases. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-6957-4.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Murray HG, Stone PR, Strand L, Flower J (1993). "Fetal pleural effusion following maternal indomethacin therapy". Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 100 (3): 277–9. PMID 8476835.
- ↑ Bartlett RP, Greipp PR, Tefferi A, Cupps RE, Mullan BP, Trastek VF (1995). "Extramedullary hematopoiesis manifesting as a symptomatic pleural effusion". Mayo Clin Proc. 70 (12): 1161–4. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)63442-3. PMID 7490917.