Adult bronchiolitis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Adult bronchiolitis}}
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Adult_bronchiolitis_classification]]
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{HM}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{HM}}


==Overview==
Adult bronchiolitis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause dyspnea, wheezing, and cough, such asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
==Differentiating Adult bronchiolitis from other Diseases==
Adult bronchiolitis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause dyspnea, wheezing, and cough, such asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
''Below is a table discussing the differential diagnoses for dyspnea with wheezing''
<small>'''''Abbreviations:''''' '''ABG ('''[[arterial blood gas]]'''); ACE ('''[[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|angiotensin converting enzyme]]'''); BMI ('''[[body mass index]]'''); CBC ('''[[Complete blood counts|complete blood count]]'''); CSF ('''[[cerebrospinal fluid]]'''); CXR ('''[[chest X-ray]]'''); ECG ('''[[electrocardiogram]]'''); FEF ('''[[Spirometry|forced expiratory flow rate]]'''); FEV1 ('''[[forced expiratory volume]]'''); FVC ('''[[forced vital capacity]]'''); JVD ('''[[jugular vein distention]]''');''' '''MCV ('''[[mean corpuscular volume]]'''); Plt ('''[[platelet]]'''); RV ('''[[residual volume]]'''); SIADH ('''[[syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]'''); TSH ('''[[thyroid stimulating hormone]]'''); Vt ('''[[tidal volume]]''');''' '''WBC ('''[[White blood cells|white blood cell]]''');'''</small>
<small><small>
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
! rowspan="3" |Diseases
! colspan="11" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
! rowspan="3" |Other features
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" |Symptoms
! colspan="5" |Physical exam
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Loss of consciousness
!Agitation
!Weight loss
!Fever
!Chest pain
!Cough
!Cyanosis
!Clubbing
!JVD
!Peripheral edema
!Auscultation
!CBC
!ABG
!Imaging
!Spirometry
!Gold standard
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="10" |Acute Dyspnea
! rowspan="7" |[[Respiratory system]]
![[Head]] and [[Neck]],
Upper [[airway]]
![[Anaphylaxis]]<ref name="pmid21293765">{{cite journal| author=Bjornsson HM, Graffeo CS| title=Improving diagnostic accuracy of anaphylaxis in the acute care setting. | journal=West J Emerg Med | year= 2010 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-61 | pmid=21293765 | doi= | pmc=3027438 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21293765  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vital sign]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Type 1 hypersensitivity]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="6" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleurae|Pleura]],
Lower [[airway]]
![[Asthma attack]]<ref name="pmid19858243">{{cite journal| author=Hodder R, Lougheed MD, Rowe BH, FitzGerald JM, Kaplan AG, McIvor RA| title=Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: nonventilatory management. | journal=CMAJ | year= 2010 | volume= 182 | issue= 2 | pages= E55-67 | pmid=19858243 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.080072 | pmc=2817338 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19858243  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Eosinophil]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]], [[Peak expiratory flow|PEF]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
[[Spirometry]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest pain]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Bronchospasm]]<ref name="pmid23015953">{{cite journal| author=Molis MA, Molis WE| title=Exercise-induced bronchospasm. | journal=Sports Health | year= 2010 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 311-7 | pmid=23015953 | doi=10.1177/1941738110373735 | pmc=3445098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23015953  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Allergic reaction]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Bronchiolitis]]<ref name="pmid23562737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M |title=Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |journal=Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=973–80 |year=2013 |pmid=23562737 |doi=10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017 |url=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]] and [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bronchovascular markings
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory syncytial virus|Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[COPD exacerbation resident survival guide|COPD exacerbation]]<ref name="pmid25177479">{{cite journal| author=Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA| title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications. | journal=Ther Adv Chronic Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue= 5 | pages= 212-27 | pmid=25177479 | doi=10.1177/2040622314532862 | pmc=4131503 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25177479  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]], and [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], ↑[[RBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperexpansion
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chronic bronchitis|Acute '''exacerbations''' of chronic bronchitis (AECB)]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Lung carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid22054876">{{cite journal| author=Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA| title=Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention. | journal=Clin Chest Med | year= 2011 | volume= 32 | issue= 4 | pages= 605-44 | pmid=22054876 | doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001 | pmc=3864624 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22054876  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]] and [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Mass lesion, [[hilar lymphadenopathy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]] 
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Paraneoplastic syndromes, such as [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone|SIADH]] and [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome|lambert-Eaton]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid25165554">{{cite journal| author=Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J| title=Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. | journal=Ther Adv Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-16 | pmid=25165554 | doi=10.1177/2049936113518041 | pmc=4072047 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25165554  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]], and [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Consolidation (medicine)|Lobar consolidation]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest X-ray]] and CT Scan
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[productive cough]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
![[Organophosphate poisoning]]<ref name="pmid25425841">{{cite journal| author=Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL| title=Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches. | journal=Indian J Crit Care Med | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 11 | pages= 735-45 | pmid=25425841 | doi=10.4103/0972-5229.144017 | pmc=4238091 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25425841  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Salivation]], [[Lacrimation]],  [[Emesis]], [[Miosis]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]<ref name="pmid18710551">{{cite journal| author=Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM| title=Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge. | journal=Cases J | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 102 | pmid=18710551 | doi=10.1186/1757-1626-1-102 | pmc=2533003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18710551  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Carboxyhemoglobin]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Carboxyhemoglobin|Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)]] level
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]], [[Dizziness]], [[Weakness]], [[Vomiting]], [[Confusion]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]<ref name="pmid23547550">{{cite journal |vauthors=Westerberg DP |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=337–46 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23547550 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheeze]], [[Kussmaul breathing|Kussmaul's respiration]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]] ([[acidosis]], [[hyperglycemia]], [[ketonemia]])
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Abdominal pain]], [[Weakness]], [[Confusion]]
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
! rowspan="3" |Diseases
! colspan="11" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
! rowspan="3" |Other features
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" |Symptoms
! colspan="5" |Physical exam
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Loss of consciousness
!Agitation
!Weight loss
!Fever
!Chest pain
!Cough
!Cyanosis
!Clubbing
!JVD
!Peripheral edema
!Auscultation
!CBC
!ABG
!Imaging
!Spirometry
!Gold standard
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="13" |Chronic Dyspnea
! rowspan="8" |[[Respiratory system]]
! rowspan="8" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleura]],
Lower [[airway]]
![[Bronchial asthma]]<ref name="pmid19858243" />
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Eosinophil]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pulmonary]] hyperinflation,
[[Bronchial]] wall thickening
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Spirometry]] before and after [[bronchodilator]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Paroxysmal [[respiratory distress]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Bronchiectasis]]<ref name="CantinBankier2009">{{cite journal|last1=Cantin|first1=Luce|last2=Bankier|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Eisenberg|first3=Ronald L.|title=Bronchiectasis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=193|issue=3|year=2009|pages=W158–W171|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3053}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchiectasis chest x ray|Tram-track opacities]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Productive cough|Chronic productive cough]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[COPD]]<ref name="pmid25177479" />
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[RBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ Bronchovascular markings, [[Cardiomegaly]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
[[Spirometry]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Heavy smoking]] history
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Emphysema]]<ref name="pmid18453358">{{cite journal| author=Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA, Kim V| title=Pathogenesis of emphysema: from the bench to the bedside. | journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc | year= 2008 | volume= 5 | issue= 4 | pages= 475-7 | pmid=18453358 | doi=10.1513/pats.200708-126ET | pmc=2645322 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18453358  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]], Hyperinflation
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Flattening of [[diaphragm]], vertical [[heart]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
[[Spirometry]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barrel chest]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Interstitial lung disease]]<ref name="pmid2060395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE |title=Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis |journal=Chest |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=96–101 |year=1991 |pmid=2060395 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Peripheral [[pulmonary]] infiltrative opacification
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumoconiosis]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Bronchiolitis obliterans]]<ref name="pmid23562737" />
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperinflation,  Reticulonodular opacities
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy|Lung biopsy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Complication of [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Cystic fibrosis]]<ref name="ZieglerRovedder2009">{{cite journal|last1=Ziegler|first1=Bruna|last2=Rovedder|first2=Paula Maria Eidt|last3=Dalcin|first3=Paulo de Tarso Roth|last4=Menna-Barreto|first4=Sérgio Saldanha|title=Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística|journal=Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia|volume=35|issue=9|year=2009|pages=854–859|issn=1806-3713|doi=10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Thick-walled [[bronchiectasis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[Forced expiratory volume|FEF<sub>75%</sub>]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweat test]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Congenital absence of the vas deferens|Absent vas deferens]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid16709993">{{cite journal| author=Campbell IA, Bah-Sow O| title=Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=BMJ | year= 2006 | volume= 332 | issue= 7551 | pages= 1194-7 | pmid=16709993 | doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1194 | pmc=1463969 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16709993  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|consolidation]] or poorly defined linear and nodular [[Opacity|opacities]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Restrictive Lung Disease|Restrictive]], [[Obstructive lung disease|obstructive]], or mixed
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Interferon-γ release assays|IFN-γ release assay (IGRA)]]
[[Acid fast|Acid-fast staining]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Night sweat]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" |[[Neuromuscular disease]]
![[Mitochondrial disease|Mitochondrial diseases]]<ref name="pmid21813873">{{cite journal| author=Heinicke K, Taivassalo T, Wyrick P, Wood H, Babb TG, Haller RG| title=Exertional dyspnea in mitochondrial myopathy: clinical features and physiological mechanisms. | journal=Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | year= 2011 | volume= 301 | issue= 4 | pages= R873-84 | pmid=21813873 | doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2011 | pmc=3197343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21813873  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[WBC]], [[Platelet|Plt]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myalgia|Muscle pain]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" |[[Systemic]]
![[Kyphoscoliosis]]<ref name="pmid26083538">{{cite journal| author=Qiabi M, Chagnon K, Beaupré A, Hercun J, Rakovich G| title=Scoliosis and bronchial obstruction. | journal=Can Respir J | year= 2015 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 206-8 | pmid=26083538 | doi= | pmc=4530852 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26083538  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Deviated [[vertebral column]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
([[anatomical]])
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[X ray|Standing lateral spine radiograph]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Low back pain]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Autoimmune]]
![[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22554368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uyar M, Elbek O, Bakır K, Kibar Y, Bayram N, Dikensoy Ö |title=Churg-Strauss syndrome related to montelukast |journal=Tuberk Toraks |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=56–8 |date= 2012 |pmid=22554368 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Areas of [[parenchymal]] opacification
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]] 
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Fatigue]],[[Numbness]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Microscopic polyangiitis]]<ref name="pmid26266064">{{cite journal| author=Tilanus A, Van der Niepen P, Geers C, Wissing KM| title=Pulmonary Limited MPO-ANCA Microscopic Polyangiitis and Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis in a Patient with a Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy. | journal=Case Rep Nephrol | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue=  | pages= 378170 | pmid=26266064 | doi=10.1155/2015/378170 | pmc=4525752 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26266064  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Histological]] confirmation
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Skin lesions]], [[Nerve damage]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Wegener's granulomatosis]]<ref name="pmid23034218">{{cite journal| author=Cardenas-Garcia J, Farmakiotis D, Baldovino BP, Kim P| title=Wegener's granulomatosis in a middle-aged woman presenting with dyspnea, rash, hemoptysis and recurrent eye complaints: a case report. | journal=J Med Case Rep | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 335 | pmid=23034218 | doi=10.1186/1752-1947-6-335 | pmc=3492078 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23034218  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Cavitate [[nodules]], ground-glass opacity
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]] demonstrating a [[granulomatous]] [[vasculitis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhinosinusitis|Chronic rhinosinusitis]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|}
</small></small>
==References==
==References==


Latest revision as of 20:45, 19 February 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Adult bronchiolitis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause dyspnea, wheezing, and cough, such asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Differentiating Adult bronchiolitis from other Diseases

Adult bronchiolitis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause dyspnea, wheezing, and cough, such asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Below is a table discussing the differential diagnoses for dyspnea with wheezing

Abbreviations: ABG (arterial blood gas); ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme); BMI (body mass index); CBC (complete blood count); CSF (cerebrospinal fluid); CXR (chest X-ray); ECG (electrocardiogram); FEF (forced expiratory flow rate); FEV1 (forced expiratory volume); FVC (forced vital capacity); JVD (jugular vein distention); MCV (mean corpuscular volume); Plt (platelet); RV (residual volume); SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone); TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone); Vt (tidal volume); WBC (white blood cell);

Organ system Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical exam
Loss of consciousness Agitation Weight loss Fever Chest pain Cough Cyanosis Clubbing JVD Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Imaging Spirometry Gold standard
Acute Dyspnea Respiratory system Head and Neck,

Upper airway

Anaphylaxis[1] +/- + - +/- - - +/- - - - Scattered wheezing Normal Normal Normal N/A Vital sign Type 1 hypersensitivity
Chest and Pleura,

Lower airway

Asthma attack[2] - + - - +/- + + - - - Wheeze ↑ Eosinophil Respiratory alkalosis Normal ↓ FEV1, PEF Physical exam and

Spirometry

Chest pain
Bronchospasm[3] +/- + - - + +/- + - - - Wheeze Normal ↓O2, ↑CO2 Normal ↓Vt, ↑RV Physical exam Allergic reaction
Bronchiolitis[4] - - - + +/- + - - - - Wheeze and Crackles ↑WBC Normal Bronchovascular markings ↓Vt Clinical assessment Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
COPD exacerbation[5] - + - + + + + +/- +/- +/- Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles ↑WBC, ↑RBC Respiratory alkalosis Hyperexpansion ↓ FEV1/FVC Clinical assessment Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB)
Lung carcinoma[6] - - + - - + + + - - Wheeze and Crackles Normal Normal Mass lesion, hilar lymphadenopathy ↓Vt, ↑RV Bronchoscopy  Paraneoplastic syndromes, such as SIADH and lambert-Eaton
Pneumonia[7] - - - + + + - - - - Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles ↑WBC, neutrophilia Normal Lobar consolidation Normal Chest X-ray and CT Scan productive cough
Toxic/Metabolic Organophosphate poisoning[8] + - - + - - - - - - Wheeze Normal ↓O2, ↑CO2 Normal Normal Blood test Salivation, Lacrimation, Emesis, Miosis
Carbon monoxide poisoning[9] + - - - + + + - - - Wheeze Carboxyhemoglobin ↓O2, ↑CO2 Normal N/A Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) level Headache, Dizziness, Weakness, Vomiting, Confusion
Diabetic ketoacidosis[10] + +/- - - - - - - - - Scattered wheeze, Kussmaul's respiration ↑WBC Metabolic acidosis Normal Normal Blood test (acidosis, hyperglycemia, ketonemia) Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Weakness, Confusion
Organ system Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical exam
Loss of consciousness Agitation Weight loss Fever Chest pain Cough Cyanosis Clubbing JVD Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Imaging Spirometry Gold standard
Chronic Dyspnea Respiratory system Chest and Pleura,

Lower airway

Bronchial asthma[2] - + +/- - +/- + + + - - Wheeze ↑ Eosinophil Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis Pulmonary hyperinflation,

Bronchial wall thickening

↓ FEV1/FVC Spirometry before and after bronchodilator Paroxysmal respiratory distress
Bronchiectasis[11] - - - + + + + + - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles ↑WBC, neutrophilia ↓O2, ↑CO2 Tram-track opacities ↑ FEV1/FVC High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) Chronic productive cough
COPD[5] - - +/- - - + + + + +/- Expiratory wheeze ↑ RBC Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis ↑ Bronchovascular markings, Cardiomegaly ↓ FEV1/FVC Physical exam and

Spirometry

Heavy smoking history
Emphysema[12] - - - - - +/- + + - - Expiratory wheeze, Hyperinflation Normal Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis Flattening of diaphragm, vertical heart ↓ FEV1/FVC Physical exam and

Spirometry

Barrel chest
Interstitial lung disease[13] - - - - + + + + - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles Normal ↓O2, ↑CO2 Peripheral pulmonary infiltrative opacification ↑ FEV1/FVC High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) Pneumoconiosis
Bronchiolitis obliterans[4] - - - + + + + + - - Expiratory wheeze ↑WBC ↓O2, ↑CO2 Hyperinflation, Reticulonodular opacities ↓ FEV1/FVC Lung biopsy Complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Cystic fibrosis[14] - - + + - +/- + + - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles Normal Metabolic alkalosis Thick-walled bronchiectasis ↓ FEF75%/FVC Sweat test Absent vas deferens
Tuberculosis[15] - - + + + + +/- - - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles ↑WBC ↓O2, ↑CO2 Patchy consolidation or poorly defined linear and nodular opacities Restrictive, obstructive, or mixed IFN-γ release assay (IGRA)

Acid-fast staining

Night sweat
Neuromuscular disease Mitochondrial diseases[16] - - +/- - - - - - - - Wheeze ↓WBC, Plt Normal Normal ↓Vt, ↑RV Muscle biopsy Muscle pain
Systemic Kyphoscoliosis[17] - - - - - - - - - - Wheeze Normal Normal Deviated vertebral column ↓Vt, ↑RV

(anatomical)

Standing lateral spine radiograph Low back pain
Autoimmune Churg-Strauss syndrome[18] - - - - - + - - - - Scattered wheezing Normal Normal Areas of parenchymal opacification ↓Vt, ↑RV Biopsy  Fatigue,Numbness
Microscopic polyangiitis[19] - - +/- + + - - - - +/- Scattered wheezing ↑WBC ↓O2, ↑CO2 Normal ↓Vt, ↑RV Histological confirmation Skin lesions, Nerve damage
Wegener's granulomatosis[20] - - +/- - - + - - - - Wheezing, Crackles ↓ RBC ↓O2, ↑CO2 Cavitate nodules, ground-glass opacity ↓ FEV1/FVC Biopsy demonstrating a granulomatous vasculitis Chronic rhinosinusitis

References

  1. ↑ Bjornsson HM, Graffeo CS (2010). "Improving diagnostic accuracy of anaphylaxis in the acute care setting". West J Emerg Med. 11 (5): 456–61. PMC 3027438. PMID 21293765.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hodder R, Lougheed MD, Rowe BH, FitzGerald JM, Kaplan AG, McIvor RA (2010). "Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: nonventilatory management". CMAJ. 182 (2): E55–67. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080072. PMC 2817338. PMID 19858243.
  3. ↑ Molis MA, Molis WE (2010). "Exercise-induced bronchospasm". Sports Health. 2 (4): 311–7. doi:10.1177/1941738110373735. PMC 3445098. PMID 23015953.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M (2013). "Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 19 (6): 973–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017. PMID 23562737.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA (2014). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications". Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 5 (5): 212–27. doi:10.1177/2040622314532862. PMC 4131503. PMID 25177479.
  6. ↑ Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA (2011). "Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention". Clin Chest Med. 32 (4): 605–44. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001. PMC 3864624. PMID 22054876.
  7. ↑ Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J (2014). "Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/2049936113518041. PMC 4072047. PMID 25165554.
  8. ↑ Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL (2014). "Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches". Indian J Crit Care Med. 18 (11): 735–45. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.144017. PMC 4238091. PMID 25425841.
  9. ↑ Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM (2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge". Cases J. 1 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-102. PMC 2533003. PMID 18710551.
  10. ↑ Westerberg DP (March 2013). "Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 87 (5): 337–46. PMID 23547550.
  11. ↑ Cantin, Luce; Bankier, Alexander A.; Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2009). "Bronchiectasis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 193 (3): W158–W171. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3053. ISSN 0361-803X.
  12. ↑ Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA, Kim V (2008). "Pathogenesis of emphysema: from the bench to the bedside". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (4): 475–7. doi:10.1513/pats.200708-126ET. PMC 2645322. PMID 18453358.
  13. ↑ Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE (1991). "Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis". Chest. 100 (1): 96–101. PMID 2060395.
  14. ↑ Ziegler, Bruna; Rovedder, Paula Maria Eidt; Dalcin, Paulo de Tarso Roth; Menna-Barreto, Sérgio Saldanha (2009). "Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 35 (9): 854–859. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006. ISSN 1806-3713.
  15. ↑ Campbell IA, Bah-Sow O (2006). "Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment". BMJ. 332 (7551): 1194–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1194. PMC 1463969. PMID 16709993.
  16. ↑ Heinicke K, Taivassalo T, Wyrick P, Wood H, Babb TG, Haller RG (2011). "Exertional dyspnea in mitochondrial myopathy: clinical features and physiological mechanisms". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 301 (4): R873–84. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2011. PMC 3197343. PMID 21813873.
  17. ↑ Qiabi M, Chagnon K, Beaupré A, Hercun J, Rakovich G (2015). "Scoliosis and bronchial obstruction". Can Respir J. 22 (4): 206–8. PMC 4530852. PMID 26083538.
  18. ↑ Uyar M, Elbek O, Bakır K, Kibar Y, Bayram N, Dikensoy Ö (2012). "Churg-Strauss syndrome related to montelukast". Tuberk Toraks. 60 (1): 56–8. PMID 22554368.
  19. ↑ Tilanus A, Van der Niepen P, Geers C, Wissing KM (2015). "Pulmonary Limited MPO-ANCA Microscopic Polyangiitis and Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis in a Patient with a Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy". Case Rep Nephrol. 2015: 378170. doi:10.1155/2015/378170. PMC 4525752. PMID 26266064.
  20. ↑ Cardenas-Garcia J, Farmakiotis D, Baldovino BP, Kim P (2012). "Wegener's granulomatosis in a middle-aged woman presenting with dyspnea, rash, hemoptysis and recurrent eye complaints: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 6: 335. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-6-335. PMC 3492078. PMID 23034218.
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