Sandbox:Eiman

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Etiology Clinical manifestations Paraclinical findings Comments
Symptoms and signs Lab findings Imaging
Fatigue/

Lethargy

Thirst Dizziness/

Confusion

Muscle weakness/

cramp

Somatic/

visceral pain

Vomiting Diarrhea Tachypnea Hematuria/

Proteinuria

Edema Blood indices Renal Funtion test Electrolytes Urine analysis ABG Other Ultrasound X-ray CT MRI Other
Prerenal Alcohol poisoning[1][2] + - +/- - +/- + +/- - - - PT BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol) Na Not applicable HCO3 LFT Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - Thiamine must be given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
Aspergillosis[3][4] +/- - - - - - - +/- - - Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of fungal hyphae Not applicable Pulmonary infiltrates, Mucus plug, Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, Granuloma Not applicable - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Cholera[5][6][6][7] +/- + - - - +/- + - - - Leukocytosis, ↑HCT BUN, ↑Cr Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg Not applicable Lactate, ↓HCO3 Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Congestive heart failure (CHF)[8][9] + - - - - - + - - + Anemia, Leukocytosis BUN, ↑Cr Na, ↑K Not applicable Lactate, ↓HCO3, BNP, ↑Troponin Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions Pulmonary edema Not applicable Valvular heart disease Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging -
Dehydration[10][11] + + - +/- - +/- +/- - - - Not applicable BUN, ↑Cr Na, ↑K, ↓Cl Ketones and glucose, ↑Urine specific gravity Lactate, ↓HCO3 Hypoglycemia Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Diarrhea and/or vomiting[12][13] +/- +/- - - - + + - - - Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ ESR Not applicable Not applicable Ketones, Organic acids, Porphobilinogen, Aminolevulinic acid Not applicable Stool anion gap, Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), LFT, Amylase, Lipase Normal Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Drugs/toxins[14][15] +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- Not applicable BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC Lactate, Metabolic acidosis Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay Nephropathy Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets Not applicable Not applicable - -
Esophageal varices bleeding[16][17] +/- - - - +/- - - - - - Normocytic normochromic anemia BUN, ↑Cr Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Velocity and direction of portal flow Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, Posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated azygous vein Entire portal venous system Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, Flexible endoscope, Barium swallow of snake-like filling defects -
Heart disease[18][19] +/- - - - - - - +/- - +/- ESR and CRP BUN, ↑Cr Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Throat culture, Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, Pulse oximetry Not applicable Cardiomegaly, Dextrocardia Not applicable Not applicable Ventricular dysfunction, Left and right ventricular hypertrophy, Valvular disease in echocardiography -
Hemorrhage[20][21] - - - - - - - - - - Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT BUN, ↑Cr Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca Not applicable Metabolic acidosis Not applicable Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST Bilateral opacities in the lung field, Hemothorax, Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding Not applicable Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, Angiography -
Hemolysis[22][23] +/- - - - - - - - +/- - Thrombocytopenia, Microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑Retic count Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, ↑Unconjugated bilirubin Hepatomegaly,Splenomegaly Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Hepatorenal syndrome[24][25] +/- - - - +/- +/- - - +/- +/- Leukocytosis, ↑PT GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr Na Proteinuria, Na < 10 mEq/L, Urine osmolality > plasma osmolality Not applicable Alpha feto-protein, Cryoglobulinemia Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography -
Ischemic cardiomyopathy[26][27] +/- - - - - - - +/- - +/- Anemia Cr Na, ↓K, ↓Mg Not applicable Not applicable Troponin, Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase - MB, BNP Not applicable Abnormal cardiac silhouette Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography -
Liver cirrhosis[28][29] +/- - +/- +/- +/- - - - - +/- Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
Malignant hypertension[30][31] +/- - + - - +/- - +/- - +/- Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia BUN, ↑Cr Na, ↑K, ↑P Proteinuria, Microscopic hematuria Acidosis Cardiac enzymes, Urinary catecholamines, TSH, ↑Renin Not applicable Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary edema, Rib notching, Aortic coarctation, Mediastinal widening, Aortic dissection Not applicable Not applicable Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy in echocardiography -
Etiology Fatigue/

Lethargy

Thirst Dizziness/

Confusion

Muscle weakness/

cramp

Somatic/

visceral pain

Vomiting Diarrhea Tachypnea Hematuria/

Proteinuria

Edema Blood indices Renal Funtion test Electrolytes Urine analysis ABG Other Ultrasound X-ray CT MRI Other Comments
Myocarditis[32] +/- - - - +/- - - +/- - - Leukocytosis (eosinophilia),↑ESR and CRP Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Cardiac enzymes, Viral antibodies Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Inflammatory edema, Degree of scarring Endomyocardial biopsy, Echocardiography, Scintigraphy Not applicable
Peritonitis[33][34] +/- - +/- - +/- +/- +/- - - - Leukocytosis Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Ascitic fluid neutrophil count > 500 cells/µL Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Polycythemia[35][36] +/- - - - - - - +/- - - RBC, ↑HCT, ↑HGB, Thrombocytosis, Leukocytosis, ↑PT and aPTT Erythropoietin Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Hyperuricemia Splenomegaly Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - Phlebotomy is the usual treatment
Respiratory distress syndrome[37] + - +/- - - - - + - - Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Metabolic and respiratory acidosis Pulse oximetry Not applicable Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- Cardiomegaly Not applicable Not applicable Patent ductus arteriosus in echocardiography -
Shock[38] +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- - +/- +/- - HCT, ↑PT and aPTT, Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr Not applicable Not applicable Lactate LFT, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin, D-dimer, Fibrinogen Pulmonary embolism, Pericardial effusion, Cardiac tamponade, Pneumothorax, Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension) Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary edema, Widened mediastinum, Free air under the diaphragm Traumatic brain injury, Stroke, Spinal injury, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Ruptured aneurysm, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary embolism Not applicable - -
Toxic megacolon[39] +/- +/- +/- - + + +/- - - - Leukocytosis, Anemia, ↑ESR and CRP BUN, ↑Cr Na Not applicable Not applicable Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated colon > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops Dilated colon, Free intraperitoneal air Bowel perforation, Abscess Not applicable Not applicable Endoscopy and colonoscopy -
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