Dyspnea with Normal auscultation: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EG}}




<small>'''''Abbreviations:''''' '''ABG ('''[[arterial blood gas]]'''); ACE ('''[[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|angiotensin converting enzyme]]'''); BMI ('''[[body mass index]]'''); CBC ('''[[Complete blood counts|complete blood count]]'''); CSF ('''[[cerebrospinal fluid]]'''); CXR ('''[[chest X-ray]]'''); ECG ('''[[electrocardiogram]]'''); FEF ('''[[Spirometry|forced expiratory flow rate]]'''); FEV1 ('''[[forced expiratory volume]]'''); FVC ('''[[forced vital capacity]]'''); JVD ('''[[jugular vein distention]]''');''' '''MCV ('''[[mean corpuscular volume]]'''); Plt ('''[[platelet]]'''); RV ('''[[residual volume]]'''); SIADH ('''[[syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]'''); TSH ('''[[thyroid stimulating hormone]]'''); Vt ('''[[tidal volume]]''');''' '''WBC ('''[[White blood cells|white blood cell]]''');'''</small>  
<small>'''''Abbreviations:''''' '''ABG ('''[[arterial blood gas]]'''); ACE ('''[[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|angiotensin converting enzyme]]'''); BMI ('''[[body mass index]]'''); CBC ('''[[Complete blood counts|complete blood count]]'''); CSF ('''[[cerebrospinal fluid]]'''); CXR ('''[[chest X-ray]]'''); ECG ('''[[electrocardiogram]]'''); FEF ('''[[Spirometry|forced expiratory flow rate]]'''); FEV1 ('''[[forced expiratory volume]]'''); FVC ('''[[forced vital capacity]]'''); JVD ('''[[jugular vein distention]]''');''' '''MCV ('''[[mean corpuscular volume]]'''); Plt ('''[[platelet]]'''); RV ('''[[residual volume]]'''); SIADH ('''[[syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]'''); TSH ('''[[thyroid stimulating hormone]]'''); Vt ('''[[tidal volume]]''');''' '''WBC ('''[[White blood cells|white blood cell]]''');'''</small>  
 
<small><small>
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!Gold standard
!Gold standard
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="32" |Acute Dyspnea
! rowspan="15" |Acute Dyspnea
! rowspan="17" |[[Respiratory system]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Respiratory system]]
! rowspan="7" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
! rowspan="2" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
Upper [[airway]]
Upper [[airway]]
![[Angioedema]]<ref name="pmid28405953">{{cite journal| author=Bernstein JA, Cremonesi P, Hoffmann TK, Hollingsworth J| title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management. | journal=Int J Emerg Med | year= 2017 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 15 | pmid=28405953 | doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z | pmc=5389952 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28405953  }}</ref>
![[Angioedema]]<ref name="pmid28405953">{{cite journal| author=Bernstein JA, Cremonesi P, Hoffmann TK, Hollingsworth J| title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management. | journal=Int J Emerg Med | year= 2017 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 15 | pmid=28405953 | doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z | pmc=5389952 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28405953  }}</ref>
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! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Generalized edema]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Generalized edema]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Anaphylaxis]]<ref name="pmid21293765">{{cite journal| author=Bjornsson HM, Graffeo CS| title=Improving diagnostic accuracy of anaphylaxis in the acute care setting. | journal=West J Emerg Med | year= 2010 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-61 | pmid=21293765 | doi= | pmc=3027438 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21293765  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vital sign]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Type 1 hypersensitivity]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Aspiration]]<ref name="pmid25581840">{{cite journal| author=O'Horo JC, Rogus-Pulia N, Garcia-Arguello L, Robbins J, Safdar N| title=Bedside diagnosis of dysphagia: a systematic review. | journal=J Hosp Med | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 256-65 | pmid=25581840 | doi=10.1002/jhm.2313 | pmc=4607509 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25581840  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Atelectasis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Croup]]<ref name="pmid23939212">{{cite journal| author=Bjornson CL, Johnson DW| title=Croup in children. | journal=CMAJ | year= 2013 | volume= 185 | issue= 15 | pages= 1317-23 | pmid=23939212 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.121645 | pmc=3796596 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23939212  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Steeple sign]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barking cough]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Epiglottitis]]<ref name="pmid17104162">{{cite journal| author=Negus VE| title=The Function of the Epiglottis. | journal=J Anat | year= 1927 | volume= 62 | issue= Pt 1 | pages= 1-8 | pmid=17104162 | doi= | pmc=1250045 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17104162  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Thumbprint sign|Thumb sign]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Drooling]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Rhinosinusitis]]<ref name="pmid214901812">{{cite journal| author=Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL| title=Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 427-43 | pmid=21490181 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0392 | pmc=3084646 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21490181  }}</ref>
![[Rhinosinusitis]]<ref name="pmid214901812">{{cite journal| author=Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL| title=Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 427-43 | pmid=21490181 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0392 | pmc=3084646 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21490181  }}</ref>
Line 151: Line 76:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Vocal cord paralysis|Vocal cord dysfunction]]<ref name="pmid8828523">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wood RP, Milgrom H |title=Vocal cord dysfunction |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=481–5 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8828523 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleurae|Pleura]],
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="10" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleurae|Pleura]],
Lower [[airway]]
Lower [[airway]]
![[Asthma attack]]<ref name="pmid19858243">{{cite journal| author=Hodder R, Lougheed MD, Rowe BH, FitzGerald JM, Kaplan AG, McIvor RA| title=Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: nonventilatory management. | journal=CMAJ | year= 2010 | volume= 182 | issue= 2 | pages= E55-67 | pmid=19858243 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.080072 | pmc=2817338 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19858243  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Eosinophil]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]], [[Peak expiratory flow|PEF]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
[[Spirometry]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest pain]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Bronchitis]]<ref name="CantinBankier2009">{{cite journal|last1=Cantin|first1=Luce|last2=Bankier|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Eisenberg|first3=Ronald L.|title=Bronchiectasis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=193|issue=3|year=2009|pages=W158–W171|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3053}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]] 
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]] relieved by [[Dextromethorphan|cough]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Bronchospasm]]<ref name="pmid23015953">{{cite journal| author=Molis MA, Molis WE| title=Exercise-induced bronchospasm. | journal=Sports Health | year= 2010 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 311-7 | pmid=23015953 | doi=10.1177/1941738110373735 | pmc=3445098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23015953  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Allergic reaction]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Bronchiolitis]]<ref name="pmid23562737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M |title=Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |journal=Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=973–80 |year=2013 |pmid=23562737 |doi=10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017 |url=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]] and [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bronchovascular markings
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory syncytial virus|Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[COPD exacerbation resident survival guide|COPD exacerbation]]<ref name="pmid25177479">{{cite journal| author=Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA| title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications. | journal=Ther Adv Chronic Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue= 5 | pages= 212-27 | pmid=25177479 | doi=10.1177/2040622314532862 | pmc=4131503 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25177479  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]], and [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], ↑[[RBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperexpansion
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chronic bronchitis|Acute '''exacerbations''' of chronic bronchitis (AECB)]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Lung carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid22054876">{{cite journal| author=Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA| title=Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention. | journal=Clin Chest Med | year= 2011 | volume= 32 | issue= 4 | pages= 605-44 | pmid=22054876 | doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001 | pmc=3864624 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22054876  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]] and [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Mass lesion, [[hilar lymphadenopathy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]] 
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Paraneoplastic syndromes, such as [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone|SIADH]] and [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome|lambert-Eaton]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid25165554">{{cite journal| author=Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J| title=Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. | journal=Ther Adv Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-16 | pmid=25165554 | doi=10.1177/2049936113518041 | pmc=4072047 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25165554  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]], and [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Consolidation (medicine)|Lobar consolidation]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest X-ray]] and CT Scan
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[productive cough]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Pneumothorax]]<ref name="pmid17621614">{{cite journal| author=Currie GP, Alluri R, Christie GL, Legge JS| title=Pneumothorax: an update. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 2007 | volume= 83 | issue= 981 | pages= 461-5 | pmid=17621614 | doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.056978 | pmc=2600088 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17621614  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Radiolucency without [[lung]] marking
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |CXR and [[Computed tomography|Chest CT scan]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tracheal deviation]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid23940438">{{cite journal| author=Bĕlohlávek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A| title=Pulmonary embolism, part I: Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. | journal=Exp Clin Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-38 | pmid=23940438 | doi= | pmc=3718593 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23940438  }}</ref>
![[Pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid23940438">{{cite journal| author=Bĕlohlávek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A| title=Pulmonary embolism, part I: Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. | journal=Exp Clin Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-38 | pmid=23940438 | doi= | pmc=3718593 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23940438  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
Line 363: Line 116:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumothorax]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumothorax]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
![[Acute myocardial ischemia]]<ref name="pmid18307844">{{cite journal| author=Bruyninckx R, Aertgeerts B, Bruyninckx P, Buntinx F| title=Signs and symptoms in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: a diagnostic meta-analysis. | journal=Br J Gen Pract | year= 2008 | volume= 58 | issue= 547 | pages= 105-11 | pmid=18307844 | doi=10.3399/bjgp08X277014 | pmc=2233977 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18307844  }}</ref>
![[Acute myocardial ischemia]]<ref name="pmid18307844">{{cite journal| author=Bruyninckx R, Aertgeerts B, Bruyninckx P, Buntinx F| title=Signs and symptoms in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: a diagnostic meta-analysis. | journal=Br J Gen Pract | year= 2008 | volume= 58 | issue= 547 | pages= 105-11 | pmid=18307844 | doi=10.3399/bjgp08X277014 | pmc=2233977 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18307844  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
Line 439: Line 192:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[ECG]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[ECG]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Palpitation]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Palpitation]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Pulmonary edema]]<ref name="MartindaleNoble2013">{{cite journal|last1=Martindale|first1=Jennifer L.|last2=Noble|first2=Vicki E.|last3=Liteplo|first3=Andrew|title=Diagnosing pulmonary edema|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=20|issue=5|year=2013|pages=356–360|issn=0969-9546|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Basal [[Crackles|crackle]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bat wing pattern, air bronchograms
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Coronary catheterization|Cardiac Catheterization]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tachypnea]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Central nervous system]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Central nervous system]]
Line 517: Line 251:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lucid interval]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lucid interval]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
! colspan="2" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
![[Organophosphate poisoning]]<ref name="pmid25425841">{{cite journal| author=Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL| title=Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches. | journal=Indian J Crit Care Med | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 11 | pages= 735-45 | pmid=25425841 | doi=10.4103/0972-5229.144017 | pmc=4238091 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25425841  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Salivation]], [[Lacrimation]],  [[Emesis]], [[Miosis]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Salicylate poisoning]]<ref name="pmid20440389">{{cite journal| author=Chin RL, Olson KR, Dempsey D| title=Salicylate toxicity from ingestion and continued dermal absorption. | journal=Cal J Emerg Med | year= 2007 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-5 | pmid=20440389 | doi= | pmc=2859737 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440389  }}</ref>
![[Salicylate poisoning]]<ref name="pmid20440389">{{cite journal| author=Chin RL, Olson KR, Dempsey D| title=Salicylate toxicity from ingestion and continued dermal absorption. | journal=Cal J Emerg Med | year= 2007 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-5 | pmid=20440389 | doi= | pmc=2859737 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20440389  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
Line 555: Line 270:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Tinnitus]], [[Confusion]], [[Hyperthermia]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Tinnitus]], [[Confusion]], [[Hyperthermia]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]<ref name="pmid18710551">{{cite journal| author=Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM| title=Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge. | journal=Cases J | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 102 | pmid=18710551 | doi=10.1186/1757-1626-1-102 | pmc=2533003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18710551  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Carboxyhemoglobin]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Carboxyhemoglobin|Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)]] level
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]], [[Dizziness]], [[Weakness]], [[Vomiting]], [[Confusion]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]<ref name="pmid23547550">{{cite journal |vauthors=Westerberg DP |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=337–46 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23547550 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheeze]], [[Kussmaul breathing|Kussmaul's respiration]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]] ([[acidosis]], [[hyperglycemia]], [[ketonemia]])
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Abdominal pain]], [[Weakness]], [[Confusion]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Systemic]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Systemic]]
Line 678: Line 355:
!Gold standard
!Gold standard
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="41" |Chronic Dyspnea
! rowspan="20" |Chronic Dyspnea
! rowspan="18" |[[Respiratory system]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Respiratory system]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
![[Head]] and [[Neck]],


Upper [[airway]]
Upper [[airway]]
Line 702: Line 379:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Laryngeal cancer|Laryngeal adenocarcinoma]]<ref name="pmid7956433">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwenk NR, Schapira RM, Byrd JC |title=Laryngeal carcinoma presenting as platypnea |journal=Chest |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=1609–11 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7956433 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleura]],
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Retropharyngeal space|Retropharyngeal tissue]] thickness
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Vocal cord paralysis]]<ref name="pmid8828523" />
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pharyngeal constrictor|Pharyngeal constrictor muscles]] thinning, [[uvular]] deviation
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Tracheal stenosis]]<ref name="pmid23748638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Conti V, Calia N, Pasquini C, Zardi S, Finetti C, Stomeo F, Ravenna F |title=[Chronic cough and worsening dyspnea: a case of idiopathic tracheal stenosis] |language=Italian |journal=Recenti Prog Med |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=156–8 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23748638 |doi=10.1701/1271.14026 |url= |author=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]], [[Stertorous]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Soft tissue]] thickening internal to normal-appearing [[Trachea|tracheal cartilage]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory distress]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="14" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleura]],
Lower [[airway]]
Lower [[airway]]
![[Bronchial asthma]]<ref name="pmid19858243" />
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Eosinophil]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pulmonary]] hyperinflation,
[[Bronchial]] wall thickening
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Spirometry]] before and after [[bronchodilator]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Paroxysmal [[respiratory distress]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Bronchiectasis]]<ref name="CantinBankier2009" />
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchiectasis chest x ray|Tram-track opacities]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Productive cough|Chronic productive cough]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[COPD]]<ref name="pmid25177479" />
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[RBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ Bronchovascular markings, [[Cardiomegaly]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
[[Spirometry]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Heavy smoking]] history
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Emphysema]]<ref name="pmid18453358">{{cite journal| author=Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA, Kim V| title=Pathogenesis of emphysema: from the bench to the bedside. | journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc | year= 2008 | volume= 5 | issue= 4 | pages= 475-7 | pmid=18453358 | doi=10.1513/pats.200708-126ET | pmc=2645322 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18453358  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]], Hyperinflation
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Flattening of [[diaphragm]], vertical [[heart]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
[[Spirometry]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barrel chest]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Pulmonary hypertension]]<ref name="pmid20407377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sajkov D, Petrovsky N, Palange P |title=Management of dyspnea in advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Curr Opin Support Palliat Care |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=76–84 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20407377 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e328338c1e0 |url= |author=}}</ref>
![[Pulmonary hypertension]]<ref name="pmid20407377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sajkov D, Petrovsky N, Palange P |title=Management of dyspnea in advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Curr Opin Support Palliat Care |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=76–84 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20407377 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e328338c1e0 |url= |author=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
Line 861: Line 401:


[[Ascites]], [[Pleural effusion]]
[[Ascites]], [[Pleural effusion]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Interstitial lung disease]]<ref name="pmid2060395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE |title=Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis |journal=Chest |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=96–101 |year=1991 |pmid=2060395 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Peripheral [[pulmonary]] infiltrative opacification
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumoconiosis]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid14518232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moher D, Cole CW, Hill GB |title=Epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysm: the effect of differing definitions |journal=Eur J Vasc Surg |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=647–50 |date=November 1992 |pmid=1451823 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hilar lymphadenopathy|Hilar adenopathy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hypercalcemia]], high [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|ACE]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Alveolitis]]<ref name="pmid15692967">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khanna D, Clements PJ, Furst DE, Chon Y, Elashoff R, Roth MD, Sterz MG, Chung J, FitzGerald JD, Seibold JR, Varga J, Theodore A, Wigley FM, Silver RM, Steen VD, Mayes MD, Connolly MK, Fessler BJ, Rothfield NF, Mubarak K, Molitor J, Tashkin DP |title=Correlation of the degree of dyspnea with health-related quality of life, functional abilities, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with systemic sclerosis and active alveolitis: results from the Scleroderma Lung Study |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=592–600 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15692967 |doi=10.1002/art.20787 |url= |author=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Basal [[Crackles|crackle]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Basal reticulonodular opacification  
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Dry cough]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Bronchiolitis obliterans]]<ref name="pmid23562737" />
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperinflation,  Reticulonodular opacities
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy|Lung biopsy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Complication of [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Cystic fibrosis]]<ref name="ZieglerRovedder2009">{{cite journal|last1=Ziegler|first1=Bruna|last2=Rovedder|first2=Paula Maria Eidt|last3=Dalcin|first3=Paulo de Tarso Roth|last4=Menna-Barreto|first4=Sérgio Saldanha|title=Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística|journal=Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia|volume=35|issue=9|year=2009|pages=854–859|issn=1806-3713|doi=10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Thick-walled [[bronchiectasis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[Forced expiratory volume|FEF<sub>75%</sub>]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweat test]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Congenital absence of the vas deferens|Absent vas deferens]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Pleural effusion]]<ref name="pmid25978627">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas R, Jenkins S, Eastwood PR, Lee YC, Singh B |title=Physiology of breathlessness associated with pleural effusions |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=338–45 |date=July 2015 |pmid=25978627 |pmc=5633324 |doi=10.1097/MCP.0000000000000174 |url= |author=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Egophony|Egophony ("E-to-A" change)]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Blunting of the [[Costophrenic angle|costophrenic]] and cardiophrenic angle
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pleural effusion causes|Light's criteria]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tactile fremitus]],  Asymmetrical [[chest expansion]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Pulmonary shunt|Pulmonary right-to-left shunt]]<ref name="pmid19335916">{{cite journal| author=Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS et al.| title=Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension. | journal=BMC Cardiovasc Disord | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue=  | pages= 15 | pmid=19335916 | doi=10.1186/1471-2261-9-15 | pmc=2671488 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19335916  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
([[physiological]])
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CT angiography|Pulmonary CT angiography]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Chronic [[hypoxemia]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Diaphragmatic paralysis]]<ref name="pmid27929389">{{cite journal| author=Dubé BP, Dres M| title=Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies. | journal=J Clin Med | year= 2016 | volume= 5 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27929389 | doi=10.3390/jcm5120113 | pmc=5184786 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27929389  }}</ref>
![[Diaphragmatic paralysis]]<ref name="pmid27929389">{{cite journal| author=Dubé BP, Dres M| title=Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies. | journal=J Clin Med | year= 2016 | volume= 5 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27929389 | doi=10.3390/jcm5120113 | pmc=5184786 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27929389  }}</ref>
Line 1,015: Line 421:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CXR]] confirmed by [[fluoroscopic]] sniff test
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CXR]] confirmed by [[fluoroscopic]] sniff test
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory insufficiency]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory insufficiency]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid16709993">{{cite journal| author=Campbell IA, Bah-Sow O| title=Pulmonary tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=BMJ | year= 2006 | volume= 332 | issue= 7551 | pages= 1194-7 | pmid=16709993 | doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1194 | pmc=1463969 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16709993  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|consolidation]] or poorly defined linear and nodular [[Opacity|opacities]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Restrictive Lung Disease|Restrictive]], [[Obstructive lung disease|obstructive]], or mixed
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Interferon-γ release assays|IFN-γ release assay (IGRA)]]
[[Acid fast|Acid-fast staining]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Night sweat]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="7" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="7" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
Line 1,173: Line 558:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Neuromuscular disease]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Neuromuscular disease]]
![[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]<ref name="pmid17029274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lechtzin N, Lange DJ, Davey C, Becker B, Mitsumoto H |title=Measures of dyspnea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=98–102 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17029274 |doi=10.1002/mus.20669 |url= |author=}}</ref>
![[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]<ref name="pmid17029274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lechtzin N, Lange DJ, Davey C, Becker B, Mitsumoto H |title=Measures of dyspnea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |journal=Muscle Nerve |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=98–102 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17029274 |doi=10.1002/mus.20669 |url= |author=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
Line 1,211: Line 596:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dermatomyositis physical examination|Heliotrope]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dermatomyositis physical examination|Heliotrope]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Mitochondrial disease|Mitochondrial diseases]]<ref name="pmid21813873">{{cite journal| author=Heinicke K, Taivassalo T, Wyrick P, Wood H, Babb TG, Haller RG| title=Exertional dyspnea in mitochondrial myopathy: clinical features and physiological mechanisms. | journal=Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol | year= 2011 | volume= 301 | issue= 4 | pages= R873-84 | pmid=21813873 | doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2011 | pmc=3197343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21813873  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[WBC]], [[Platelet|Plt]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myalgia|Muscle pain]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[McArdle disease|Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)]]<ref name="pmid7603522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarui S |title=Glycolytic defects in muscle: aspects of collaboration between basic science and clinical medicine |journal=Muscle Nerve Suppl |volume=3 |issue= |pages=S2–9 |date= 1995 |pmid=7603522 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
![[McArdle disease|Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)]]<ref name="pmid7603522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarui S |title=Glycolytic defects in muscle: aspects of collaboration between basic science and clinical medicine |journal=Muscle Nerve Suppl |volume=3 |issue= |pages=S2–9 |date= 1995 |pmid=7603522 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
Line 1,291: Line 657:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Vomiting]], [[Oliguria]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Vomiting]], [[Oliguria]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |[[Systemic]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |[[Systemic]]
![[Anemia]]<ref name="pmid23559772">{{cite journal| author=Sengupta A, Saha K, Jash D, Banerjee SN| title=Dyspnea with anemia turned out to be a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. | journal=Asian J Transfus Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-8 | pmid=23559772 | doi=10.4103/0973-6247.106745 | pmc=3613670 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23559772  }}</ref>
![[Anemia]]<ref name="pmid23559772">{{cite journal| author=Sengupta A, Saha K, Jash D, Banerjee SN| title=Dyspnea with anemia turned out to be a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. | journal=Asian J Transfus Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-8 | pmid=23559772 | doi=10.4103/0973-6247.106745 | pmc=3613670 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23559772  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
Line 1,367: Line 733:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Psychological|Psychological interview]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Psychological|Psychological interview]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Depressed mood]], [[Fatigue]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Depressed mood]], [[Fatigue]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Kyphoscoliosis]]<ref name="pmid26083538">{{cite journal| author=Qiabi M, Chagnon K, Beaupré A, Hercun J, Rakovich G| title=Scoliosis and bronchial obstruction. | journal=Can Respir J | year= 2015 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 206-8 | pmid=26083538 | doi= | pmc=4530852 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26083538  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Deviated [[vertebral column]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
([[anatomical]])
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[X ray|Standing lateral spine radiograph]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Low back pain]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid12090884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sin DD, Jones RL, Man SF |title=Obesity is a risk factor for dyspnea but not for airflow obstruction |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=13 |pages=1477–81 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12090884 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
![[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid12090884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sin DD, Jones RL, Man SF |title=Obesity is a risk factor for dyspnea but not for airflow obstruction |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=13 |pages=1477–81 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12090884 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
Line 1,408: Line 754:
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Low [[stamina]],
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Low [[stamina]],
[[Sweating]]
[[Sweating]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Autoimmune]]
![[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22554368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uyar M, Elbek O, Bakır K, Kibar Y, Bayram N, Dikensoy Ö |title=Churg-Strauss syndrome related to montelukast |journal=Tuberk Toraks |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=56–8 |date= 2012 |pmid=22554368 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Areas of [[parenchymal]] opacification
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]] 
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Fatigue]],[[Numbness]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Microscopic polyangiitis]]<ref name="pmid26266064">{{cite journal| author=Tilanus A, Van der Niepen P, Geers C, Wissing KM| title=Pulmonary Limited MPO-ANCA Microscopic Polyangiitis and Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis in a Patient with a Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy. | journal=Case Rep Nephrol | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue=  | pages= 378170 | pmid=26266064 | doi=10.1155/2015/378170 | pmc=4525752 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26266064  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Histological]] confirmation
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Skin lesions]], [[Nerve damage]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Wegener's granulomatosis]]<ref name="pmid23034218">{{cite journal| author=Cardenas-Garcia J, Farmakiotis D, Baldovino BP, Kim P| title=Wegener's granulomatosis in a middle-aged woman presenting with dyspnea, rash, hemoptysis and recurrent eye complaints: a case report. | journal=J Med Case Rep | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 335 | pmid=23034218 | doi=10.1186/1752-1947-6-335 | pmc=3492078 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23034218  }}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Cavitate [[nodules]], ground-glass opacity
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]] demonstrating a [[granulomatous]] [[vasculitis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhinosinusitis|Chronic rhinosinusitis]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Goodpasture disease|Goodpasture's disease]]<ref name="BalDas2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bal|first1=Amanjit|last2=Das|first2=Ashim|last3=Gupta|first3=Dheeraj|last4=Garg|first4=Mandeep|title=Goodpasture’s Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association|journal=Case Reports in Pulmonology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–7|issn=2090-6846|doi=10.1155/2014/398238}}</ref>
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Bilateral coarse [[crepitations]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]], [[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Hematocrit|HCT]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Like [[Pulmonary edema chest x ray|pulmonary edema]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Kidney]] [[biopsy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hematuria]],
[[Hemoptysis]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|}
|}
</small></small>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 18:34, 22 February 2018


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]


Abbreviations: ABG (arterial blood gas); ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme); BMI (body mass index); CBC (complete blood count); CSF (cerebrospinal fluid); CXR (chest X-ray); ECG (electrocardiogram); FEF (forced expiratory flow rate); FEV1 (forced expiratory volume); FVC (forced vital capacity); JVD (jugular vein distention); MCV (mean corpuscular volume); Plt (platelet); RV (residual volume); SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone); TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone); Vt (tidal volume); WBC (white blood cell);

Organ system Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical exam
Loss of consciousness Agitation Weight loss Fever Chest pain Cough Cyanosis Clubbing JVD Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Imaging Spirometry Gold standard
Acute Dyspnea Respiratory system Head and Neck,

Upper airway

Angioedema[1] - - - - - +/- - +/- - + Normal Normal ↓O2, ↑CO2 Normal N/A Physical exam Generalized edema
Rhinosinusitis[2] - - - + - +/- - - - - Normal ↑WBC Normal Air fluid level Normal Physical exam Headache
Chest and Pleura,

Lower airway

Pulmonary embolism[3] - - - - + - - - - - Normal Normal Respiratory alkalosis Normal Normal Pulmonary CT angiography Pleuritic chest pain
Rib fractures (flail chest)[4] - + - - + - - - - - Normal Normal Respiratory acidosis Fracture marks Normal Chest X-ray Pneumothorax
Cardiovascular system Acute myocardial ischemia[5] +/- + - +/- + - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Cardiac troponin I Nausea and vomiting, Positive pertinent risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking
Acute heart failure[6] +/- + - - +/- + + - + + S3 Normal Respiratory alkalosis ↑ Cardiothoracic ratio ↓Vt B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) Excessive sweating, high blood pressure
Pericardial tamponade[7] +/- - - - + - - - + - Muffled heart sounds Normal Normal Water bottle appearance enlarged heart Normal Echocardiography Fluid accumulation in pericardium
Tachyarrhythmia[5] +/- + - - +/- - - - - - High pulse rate Normal Normal Normal Normal ECG Palpitation
Central nervous system Stroke + - - +/- - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Intracranial infarct or hemorrhage Normal Brain MRI Paralysis or paresthesia
Encephalitis[8] + + - + - - - - - - Normal ↑WBC, neutrophilia Normal Normal Normal CSF PCR Confusion
Traumatic brain injury[9] + +/- - - - - - - - - Normal Normal Respiratory acidosis Intracerebral hemorrhage Normal Brain CT scan Lucid interval
Toxic/Metabolic Salicylate poisoning[10] + - - - - - + - - - Normal Normal Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis Normal Normal Blood test Vomiting, Tinnitus, Confusion, Hyperthermia
Systemic Panic attack[11] +/- + - - - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Clinical assessment Severe anxiety
Pregnancy[12] - - - - +/- - - - - + Normal ↑WBC, RBC ↓O2, ↑CO2 Normal ↓Vt, ↑RV βhCG Missed period, Hyperemesis
Sepsis[13] +/- - - + - - - - - - Normal ↑WBC, neutrophilia ↓O2, ↑CO2 Normal Normal SIRS criteria Chills, Confusion
Organ system Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical exam
Loss of consciousness Agitation Weight loss Fever Chest pain Cough Cyanosis Clubbing JVD Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Imaging Spirometry Gold standard
Chronic Dyspnea Respiratory system Head and Neck,

Upper airway

Goiter[14] - - - - - - - - - + Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Blood test (TSH, T4) Weight gain
Chest and Pleura,

Lower airway

Pulmonary hypertension[15] - - - - +/- +/- +/- +/- + + Accentuated S2 Normal Hypoxia and acidosis Enlarged pulmonary arteries ↑Physiologic RV Cardiac catheterization Syncope,

Ascites, Pleural effusion

Diaphragmatic paralysis[16] - - - +/- +/- +/- - - - - Normal Normal Normal Unilateral or bilateral diaphragmatic flattening ↓Vt, ↑RV

(anatomical)

CXR confirmed by fluoroscopic sniff test Respiratory insufficiency
Cardiovascular system Constrictive pericarditis[7] - - - - + - - - + - Muffled heart sounds Normal Normal Calcifications  Normal Chest CT scan Syncope
Restrictive cardiomyopathy[17] - - - - + - - - - +/- Normal Normal Normal Dilatation of the inferior vena cava and right atrium Normal Right ventricular biopsy Weight gain,

Nausea

Valvular heart disease[5] - - - - + - - - - - Cardiac murmur Normal Normal Dilatation of heart chambers Normal Echocardiography Syncope, Palpitation
Bradyarrhythmia[18] - - - - - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal ECG Syncope, Palpitation
Pericardial effusion[19] - - - +/- + + - - + - Muffled heart sounds Normal Normal Fluid density around the heart Normal M-mode and 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography Hoarseness, Palpitation
Coronary heart disease[5] - +/- - - + - - - - - Normal Normal ↓O2 Normal Normal Cardiac troponin I Nausea, Lightheadedness, Sweating
Intracardiac shunt[20] - - - - +/- - + + - - Cardiac continuous murmur Normal ↓O2 Dilatation of heart chambers Normal Echocardiography Syncope, Palpitation
Neuromuscular disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[21] +/- - +/- - - - - - - - Normal ↑WBC Normal Normal ↓Vt, ↑RV Revised El Escorial criteria (clinical) Muscle weakness, Dysphagia
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis[22] - - +/- - + - - - - +/- Normal ↑WBC Normal Normal ↓Vt, ↑RV Muscle biopsy Muscle weakness, Heliotrope
Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)[23] +/- - - - - - - - - +/- Normal Normal Normal Normal ↓Vt, ↑RV Muscle biopsy (ragged red fibers) Myoglobinuria,

Muscle weakness

Toxic/Metabolic Metabolic acidosis[24] - - + - - - - - - - Normal Normal Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis Normal Normal ABG Confusion, Vomiting
Renal failure[25] - - + - - - - - - + Normal ↓ RBC Metabolic acidosis Normal Normal Cr Nausea, Vomiting, Oliguria
Systemic Anemia[26] - - + - - - - - - - Normal ↓ RBC ↓O2 Normal Normal HGB, MCV Weakness, Fatigue
Anxiety[27] + + + - +/- +/- - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Psychological interview Sweating, Palpitation
Ascites[28] - - - - - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Peritoneal fluid accumulation ↓Vt, ↑RV Abdominal ultrasound Abdominal distention
Depression[29] - + + - - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Psychological interview Depressed mood, Fatigue
Obesity[30] - - - - - - - - - - Normal Normal ↓O2 Normal ↓Vt, ↑RV

(anatomical)

BMI Low stamina,

Sweating

References

  1. ↑ Bernstein JA, Cremonesi P, Hoffmann TK, Hollingsworth J (2017). "Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management". Int J Emerg Med. 10 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z. PMC 5389952. PMID 28405953.
  2. ↑ Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL (2011). "Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines". Mayo Clin Proc. 86 (5): 427–43. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0392. PMC 3084646. PMID 21490181.
  3. ↑ Bĕlohlávek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A (2013). "Pulmonary embolism, part I: Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism". Exp Clin Cardiol. 18 (2): 129–38. PMC 3718593. PMID 23940438.
  4. ↑ Swart E, Laratta J, Slobogean G, Mehta S (February 2017). "Operative Treatment of Rib Fractures in Flail Chest Injuries: A Meta-analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis". J Orthop Trauma. 31 (2): 64–70. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000750. PMID 27984449.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Bruyninckx R, Aertgeerts B, Bruyninckx P, Buntinx F (2008). "Signs and symptoms in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: a diagnostic meta-analysis". Br J Gen Pract. 58 (547): 105–11. doi:10.3399/bjgp08X277014. PMC 2233977. PMID 18307844.
  6. ↑ Gaggin, Hanna K.; Januzzi, James L. (2013). "Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1832 (12): 2442–2450. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014. ISSN 0925-4439.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P (2002). "How to diagnose cardiac tamponade". Neth J Med. 60 (8): 334–8. PMID 12481882.
  8. ↑ Debiasi RL, Tyler KL (2004). "Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 17 (4): 903–25, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004. PMC 523566. PMID 15489354.
  9. ↑ McAllister TW (2011). "Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 13 (3): 287–300. PMC 3182015. PMID 22033563.
  10. ↑ Chin RL, Olson KR, Dempsey D (2007). "Salicylate toxicity from ingestion and continued dermal absorption". Cal J Emerg Med. 8 (1): 23–5. PMC 2859737. PMID 20440389.
  11. ↑ Taylor CB (2006). "Panic disorder". BMJ. 332 (7547): 951–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7547.951. PMC 1444835. PMID 16627512.
  12. ↑ Lee SY, Chien DK, Huang CH, Shih SC, Lee WC, Chang WH (August 2017). "Dyspnea in pregnancy". Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 56 (4): 432–436. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2017.04.035. PMID 28805596.
  13. ↑ Askim Å, Mehl A, Paulsen J, DeWan AT, Vestrheim DF, Åsvold BO; et al. (2016). "Epidemiology and outcome of sepsis in adult patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in a Norwegian county 1993-2011: an observational study". BMC Infect Dis. 16: 223. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1553-8. PMC 4877975. PMID 27216810.
  14. ↑ Stang MT, Armstrong MJ, Ogilvie JB, Yip L, McCoy KL, Faber CN, Carty SE (July 2012). "Positional dyspnea and tracheal compression as indications for goiter resection". Arch Surg. 147 (7): 621–6. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2012.96. PMID 22430090.
  15. ↑ Sajkov D, Petrovsky N, Palange P (June 2010). "Management of dyspnea in advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 4 (2): 76–84. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e328338c1e0. PMID 20407377.
  16. ↑ Dubé BP, Dres M (2016). "Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies". J Clin Med. 5 (12). doi:10.3390/jcm5120113. PMC 5184786. PMID 27929389.
  17. ↑ Nakamura M, Satoh M, Kowada S, Satoh H, Tashiro A, Sato F, Masuda T, Hiramori K (February 2002). "Reversible restrictive cardiomyopathy due to light-chain deposition disease". Mayo Clin. Proc. 77 (2): 193–6. doi:10.4065/77.2.193. PMID 11838655.
  18. ↑ Barstow C, McDivitt JD (March 2017). "Cardiovascular Disease Update: Bradyarrhythmias". FP Essent. 454: 18–23. PMID 28266824.
  19. ↑ Jung HO (2012). "Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography". Korean Circ J. 42 (11): 725–34. doi:10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725. PMC 3518705. PMID 23236323.
  20. ↑ Vodoz JF, Cottin V, Glérant JC, Derumeaux G, Khouatra C, Blanchet AS; et al. (2009). "Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension". BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 9: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-9-15. PMC 2671488. PMID 19335916.
  21. ↑ Lechtzin N, Lange DJ, Davey C, Becker B, Mitsumoto H (January 2007). "Measures of dyspnea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Muscle Nerve. 35 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1002/mus.20669. PMID 17029274.
  22. ↑ Schwarz MI, Matthay RA, Sahn SA, Stanford RE, Marmorstein BL, Scheinhorn DJ (January 1976). "Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: analysis of six cases and review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (1): 89–104. PMID 1246203.
  23. ↑ Tarui S (1995). "Glycolytic defects in muscle: aspects of collaboration between basic science and clinical medicine". Muscle Nerve Suppl. 3: S2–9. PMID 7603522.
  24. ↑ Lane R, Adams L (1993). "Metabolic acidosis and breathlessness during exercise and hypercapnia in man". J Physiol. 461: 47–61. PMC 1175244. PMID 8350272.
  25. ↑ DePalo LR (May 2002). "Fatal dyspnea in a patient with renal failure". Mt. Sinai J. Med. 69 (3): 113–20. PMID 12035070.
  26. ↑ Sengupta A, Saha K, Jash D, Banerjee SN (2013). "Dyspnea with anemia turned out to be a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia". Asian J Transfus Sci. 7 (1): 75–8. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.106745. PMC 3613670. PMID 23559772.
  27. ↑ Bailey PH (July 2004). "The dyspnea-anxiety-dyspnea cycle--COPD patients' stories of breathlessness: "It's scary /when you can't breathe"". Qual Health Res. 14 (6): 760–78. doi:10.1177/1049732304265973. PMID 15200799.
  28. ↑ Perri GA (2013). "Ascites in patients with cirrhosis". Can Fam Physician. 59 (12): 1297–9, e538–40. PMC 3860926. PMID 24336542.
  29. ↑ Neuman A, Gunnbjörnsdottir M, Tunsäter A, Nyström L, Franklin KA, Norrman E, Janson C (October 2006). "Dyspnea in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression: A prospective population study". Respir Med. 100 (10): 1843–9. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.01.016. PMID 16516455.
  30. ↑ Sin DD, Jones RL, Man SF (July 2002). "Obesity is a risk factor for dyspnea but not for airflow obstruction". Arch. Intern. Med. 162 (13): 1477–81. PMID 12090884.
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