Thrombophlebitis: Difference between revisions
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*Underlying [[malignancy]], especially [[pancreatic adenocarcinoma|adenocarcinoma of the pancreas]] in the case of migratory thrombophlebitis<ref name="pmid20302205">{{cite journal |vauthors=Diaconu C, Mateescu D, Bălăceanu A, Marcu M, Jianu V, Stănică A |title=Pancreatic cancer presenting with paraneoplastic thrombophlebitis--case report |journal=J Med Life |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=96–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20302205 |pmc=3019029 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17496204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varki A |title=Trousseau's syndrome: multiple definitions and multiple mechanisms |journal=Blood |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=1723–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17496204 |pmc=1976377 |doi=10.1182/blood-2006-10-053736 |url=}}</ref> | *Underlying [[malignancy]], especially [[pancreatic adenocarcinoma|adenocarcinoma of the pancreas]] in the case of migratory thrombophlebitis<ref name="pmid20302205">{{cite journal |vauthors=Diaconu C, Mateescu D, Bălăceanu A, Marcu M, Jianu V, Stănică A |title=Pancreatic cancer presenting with paraneoplastic thrombophlebitis--case report |journal=J Med Life |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=96–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20302205 |pmc=3019029 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17496204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varki A |title=Trousseau's syndrome: multiple definitions and multiple mechanisms |journal=Blood |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=1723–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17496204 |pmc=1976377 |doi=10.1182/blood-2006-10-053736 |url=}}</ref> | ||
==[[Thrombophlebitis causes| | ==Causes== | ||
<div style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> | |||
===Common Causes=== | |||
*[[Deep vein thrombosis]] | |||
*Drug side effects | |||
*[[Intravenous infusion]] | |||
*[[IV]] [[catheter]] [[infection]] | |||
*[[Levamisole|Levamisole-induced]] [[vasculopathy]] | |||
*[[Penicillin G|Penicillin G potassium infusion]] | |||
*[[Thromboangiitis obliterans]] | |||
*[[Thrombophlebitis migrans]] | |||
*[[Varicose veins]] | |||
*[[Vein]] injury | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | |||
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | |||
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular''' | |||
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Deep veinous thrombosis]], [[Levamisole-induced vasculopathy]], [[Polyarteritis nodosa ]], [[Thromboangiitis obliterans]], [[Thrombophlebitis migrans]], [[Varicose veins]], [[Vein injury]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Dental''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Dermatologic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aprotinin]], [[Caspofungin acetate]], [[Cefepime]], [[Cefoxitin sodium]], [[Ceftazidime]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Clomifene]], [[Desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol]], [[Doripenem]], [[Doxorubicin hydrochloride]], [[Epirubicin]], [[Ergonovine]], [[Estramustine]], [[Estropipate]], [[Ethanolamine oleate]], [[Ganciclovir]], [[Hemin]], [[Imipenem-cilastatin]], [[Indomethacin]], [[Letrozole]], [[Levamisole-induced vasculopathy]], [[Megestrol]], [[Melarsoprol]], [[Meropenem]], [[Methocarbamol]], [[Mitomycin]], [[Naltrexone]], [[Penicillamine]], [[Penicillin g potassium]], [[Pergolide]], [[Piperacillin]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Prednisolone]], [[Quinupristin-dalfopristin]], [[Tiagabine]], [[Toremifene]], [[Tromethamine]], [[Valganciclovir]], [[Zonisamide]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Ear Nose Throat''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Endocrine''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Environmental''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Gastroenterologic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Pancreatic carcinoma]], [[Parenteral nutrition]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Genetic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Genetics]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Hematologic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blood transfusion ]], [[Intravenous infusion]], [[Iv catheter infection]], [[Penicillin g potassium]], [[Prolonged sitting ]], [[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Superficial thrombophlebitis]], [[Thromboangiitis obliterans]], [[Thrombophlebitis migrans]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Iatrogenic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blood transfusion ]], [[Estrogen therapy]], [[Intravenous infusion]], [[Iv catheter infection]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Infectious Disease''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hiv]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Neurologic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Parenteral nutrition]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Oncologic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pancreatic carcinoma]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Ophthalmologic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Overdose/Toxicity''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Psychiatric''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Pulmonary''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pulmonary embolism]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Renal/Electrolyte''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behçet's disease]], [[Lupus]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Sexual''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hiv]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Trauma''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Prolonged sitting ]], [[Vein injury]] | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Urologic''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |||
| '''Miscellaneous''' | |||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | |||
{{columns-list|3| | |||
*[[Aprotinin]] | |||
*[[Behçet's disease]] | |||
*[[Blood transfusion ]] | |||
*[[Caspofungin acetate]] | |||
*[[Cefepime]] | |||
*[[Cefoxitin sodium]] | |||
*[[Ceftazidime]] | |||
*[[Cidofovir]] | |||
*[[Clomifene]] | |||
*[[Deep veinous thrombosis]] | |||
*[[Desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol]] | |||
*[[Doripenem]] | |||
*[[Doxorubicin hydrochloride]] | |||
*[[Epirubicin]] | |||
*[[Ergonovine]] | |||
*[[Estramustine]] | |||
*[[Estrogen therapy]] | |||
*[[Estropipate]] | |||
*[[Ethanolamine oleate]] | |||
*[[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]] | |||
*[[Ganciclovir]] | |||
*[[Genetics]] | |||
*[[Hemin]] | |||
*[[Hiv]] | |||
*[[Imipenem-cilastatin]] | |||
*[[Indomethacin]] | |||
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | |||
*[[Intravenous infusion]] | |||
*[[Iv catheter infection]] | |||
*[[Letrozole]] | |||
*[[Levamisole-induced vasculopathy]] | |||
*[[Lupus]] | |||
*[[Megestrol]] | |||
*[[Melarsoprol]] | |||
*[[Meropenem]] | |||
*[[Methocarbamol]] | |||
*[[Mitomycin]] | |||
*[[Naltrexone]] | |||
*[[Pancreatic carcinoma]] | |||
*[[Parenteral nutrition]] | |||
*[[Penicillamine]] | |||
*[[Penicillin g potassium]] | |||
*[[Pergolide]] | |||
*[[Piperacillin]] | |||
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa ]] | |||
*[[Pramipexole]] | |||
*[[Prednisolone]] | |||
*[[Prolonged sitting ]] | |||
*[[Pulmonary embolism]] | |||
*[[Quinupristin-dalfopristin]] | |||
*[[Superficial thrombophlebitis]] | |||
*[[Thromboangiitis obliterans]] | |||
*[[Thrombophlebitis migrans]] | |||
*[[Tiagabine]] | |||
*[[Toremifene]] | |||
*[[Tromethamine]] | |||
*[[Valganciclovir]] | |||
*[[Varicose veins]] | |||
*[[Vein injury]] | |||
*[[Zonisamide]] | |||
}} | |||
</div> | |||
==[[Thrombophlebitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Thrombophlebitis from other Diseases]]== | ==[[Thrombophlebitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Thrombophlebitis from other Diseases]]== |
Revision as of 21:27, 16 February 2017
Template:Thrombophlebitis For patient information, click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords: White Leg; phlebitis
Overview
Historical Perspective
- In 1913, Burnham AC discussed thrombophlebitis in postoperative patients.[1]
- Historically, the treatment of thrombophlebitis was purely surgical and consisted of removal of the thrombosed vein.[2]
Classification
Thrombophlebitis can be classified according to the cause into:[3]
Type of Thrombophlebitis | Description |
---|---|
Sterile | Most common type of thrombophlebitis |
Traumatic | Associated with the following conditions:
|
Infective | Mostly due to prolonged IV cannulation |
Migratory | Recurrent thrombophlebitis at various sites. Associated with an underlying malignancy, most commonly adenocarcinoma of the pancreas |
Thrombophlebitis may also be classified according to the site into:[4]
- Superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limb: most common location and it involves the great and short saphenous veins
- Superficial thrombophlebitis of the arms
- Superficial thrombophlebitis of the breast: also known as Mondor's disease
- Superficial thrombophlebitis of the abdominal wall
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
Microscopic Pathology
Genetics
Associated Conditions
Thrombophlebitis may be associated with the following conditions:
- Coagulation abnormalities:[3][5]
- Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's Disease)[6]
- Underlying malignancy, especially adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in the case of migratory thrombophlebitis[7][8]
Causes
Common Causes
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Drug side effects
- Intravenous infusion
- IV catheter infection
- Levamisole-induced vasculopathy
- Penicillin G potassium infusion
- Thromboangiitis obliterans
- Thrombophlebitis migrans
- Varicose veins
- Vein injury
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3Differentiating Thrombophlebitis from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Screening
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
- ↑ Burnham AC (1913). "II. Postoperative Thrombophlebitis". Ann. Surg. 57 (2): 151–62. PMC 1407408. PMID 17862964.
- ↑ Homans J (1928). "THROMBOPHLEBITIS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES". Ann. Surg. 87 (5): 641–51. PMC 1398549. PMID 17865873.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nasr H, Scriven JM (2015). "Superficial thrombophlebitis (superficial venous thrombosis)". BMJ. 350: h2039. PMID 26099257.
- ↑ Scott G, Mahdi AJ, Alikhan R (2015). "Superficial vein thrombosis: a current approach to management". Br. J. Haematol. 168 (5): 639–45. doi:10.1111/bjh.13255. PMID 25521017.
- ↑ Martinelli I, Cattaneo M, Taioli E, De Stefano V, Chiusolo P, Mannucci PM (1999). "Genetic risk factors for superficial vein thrombosis". Thromb. Haemost. 82 (4): 1215–7. PMID 10544900.
- ↑ Olin JW (2000). "Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)". N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (12): 864–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200009213431207. PMID 10995867.
- ↑ Diaconu C, Mateescu D, Bălăceanu A, Marcu M, Jianu V, Stănică A (2010). "Pancreatic cancer presenting with paraneoplastic thrombophlebitis--case report". J Med Life. 3 (1): 96–9. PMC 3019029. PMID 20302205.
- ↑ Varki A (2007). "Trousseau's syndrome: multiple definitions and multiple mechanisms". Blood. 110 (6): 1723–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-053736. PMC 1976377. PMID 17496204.