Pulmonary circulation
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Overview
Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. The term is contrasted with systemic circulation.
Course
In the pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood exits the heart through arteries, enters the lungs and comes back through pulmonary veins.
Right heart
Oxygen-depleted blood from the body leaves the systemic circulation when it enters the right heart, more specifically the right atrium. The blood is then pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle.
Arteries
From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the pulmonary semi-lunar valve into the pulmonary artery. This blood enters the two pulmonary arteries (one for each lung) and travels through the lungs.
Lungs
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs, where red blood cells release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen during respiration.
Veins
The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the bicuspid valve, also called the mitral or left atrioventricular valve, into the left ventricle. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation.
History
Pulmonary circulation was first discovered and published by Ibn Nafis in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon (1242), for which he is considered the father of circulatory physiology.[1] It was later published by Michael Servetus in Christianismi Restitutio (1553). Since it was a theology work condemned by most of the Christian factions of his time, the discovery remained mostly unknown until the dissections of William Harvey in 1616.
Embryonic
The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation. The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale, an open passage between the two atria. When the lungs expand at birth, the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit. Over the course of several months, the foramen ovale closes, leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis in the adult heart.
See also
References
External links
Cardiovascular system | |
|---|---|
| Systemic circulation | Heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart |
| Pulmonary circulation | Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Heart |
List of arteries of upper limbs | |
|---|---|
| Axillary | scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch) - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex |
| Brachial | profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - ulnar collateral artery (superior, inferior) |
| Radial | forearm: radial recurrent
wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: superficial palmar branch - princeps pollicis (radial of index finger) |
| Ulnar | forearm: ulnar recurrent (anterior, posterior) - common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent)
wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: deep palmar branch |
| Arches | dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal (dorsal digital)
superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal |
List of arteries of torso - chest | |
|---|---|
| Pulmonary / coronary | right coronary: SA nodal - AV nodal - atrial - right marginal - posterior interventricular left coronary: anterior interventricular - left circumflex - left marginal |
| Ascending aorta | aortic arch - brachiocephalic (thyreoidea ima) - common carotid |
| Subclavian | internal thoracic: anterior intercostal - thymic - pericardiacophrenic - terminal (musculophrenic, superior epigastric) costocervical trunk: highest intercostal (posterior intercostal 1-2) - deep cervical |
| Descending / thoracic aorta | visceral: bronchial - esophageal - mediastinal parietal: posterior intercostal 3-11 - subcostal - superior phrenic |
List of arteries of torso - abdomen | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AA: Anterior |
| ||||||
| AA: Posterior |
visceral: middle suprarenal – renal (inferior suprarenal, ureteral) – gonadal (testicular ♂/ovarian ♀)parietal: inferior phrenic (superior suprarenal) – lumbar – median sacral terminal: common iliac (IIA, EIA) | ||||||
| IIA: Anterior |
middle rectal –
obturator (anterior branch, posterior branch) –
inferior gluteal (accompanying of ischiadic nerve, crucial anastomosis)
uterine ♀ (helicine, vaginal of uterine, ovarian of uterine, tubal of uterine) – vaginal ♀/inferior vesical ♂ perineal (urethral) – posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ – bulb of penis ♂/vestibule ♀ – deep artery of the penis ♂ (helicine)/clitoris ♀ – dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀ | ||||||
| IIA: Posterior |
iliolumbar (lumbar, iliac) – lateral sacral – superior gluteal | ||||||
| EIA | deep circumflex iliac – femoral | ||||||
List of arteries of lower limbs | |
|---|---|
| EI: Femoral | superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex
external pudendal: superficial - deep (anterior scrotal) profunda femoris: lateral circumflex femoral (descending, transverse, ascending) - medial circumflex femoral (ascending, superficial, deep, acetabular) - perforating descending genicular (saphenous branch, articular branches) |
| Popliteal | sural genicular: superior genicular (medial, lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial, lateral) |
| Anterior tibial | tibial recurrent (posterior, anterior)
anterior malleolar (medial, lateral) dorsalis pedis: tarsal (medial, lateral) |
| Posterior tibial | circumflex fibular - fibular medial plantar - lateral plantar |
| Arches | arcuate: dorsal metatarsal/first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar - dorsal digital arteries plantar arch: plantar metatarsal - common plantar digital - proper plantar digital |
Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology | |
|---|---|
| Volumes | lung volumes - vital capacity - functional residual capacity - respiratory minute volume - closing capacity - dead space - spirometry - body plethysmography - peak flow meter - thoracic independent volume - bronchial challenge test |
| Airways | ventilation (V) (positive pressure) - breath (inhalation, exhalation) -respiratory rate - respirometer - pulmonary surfactant - compliance - hysteresivity - airway resistance |
| Blood | pulmonary circulation - perfusion (Q) - hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction - pulmonary shunt |
| Interactions | ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) and scan - zones of the lung - gas exchange - pulmonary gas pressures - alveolar gas equation - hemoglobin - oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) - carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) - oxyhemoglobin - respiratory quotient - arterial blood gas - diffusion capacity - Dlco |
| Control of respiration | pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) - medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) - chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) - pulmonary stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex) |
| Insufficiency | high altitude - oxygen toxicity - hypoxia |
WikiDoc Research Resources for Pulmonary circulation | |
|---|---|
| Articles on Pulmonary circulation | Most recent articles on Pulmonary circulation • Most cited articles on Pulmonary circulation • Review articles on Pulmonary circulation • Articles on Pulmonary circulation in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ |
| Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Pulmonary circulation | Powerpoint slides on Pulmonary circulation • Images of Pulmonary circulation • Photos of Pulmonary circulation • Podcasts & MP3s on Pulmonary circulation • Videos on Pulmonary circulation |
| Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Pulmonary circulation | Cochrane Collaboration on Pulmonary circulation • Bandolier on Pulmonary circulation • TRIP on Pulmonary circulation |
| Cost Effectiveness of Pulmonary circulation | Cost Effectiveness of Pulmonary circulation |
| Clinical Trials Involving Pulmonary circulation | Ongoing Trials on Pulmonary circulation at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Pulmonary circulation • Clinical Trials on Pulmonary circulation at Google |
| Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Pulmonary circulation | US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Pulmonary circulation • NICE Guidance on Pulmonary circulation • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Pulmonary circulation • CDC on Pulmonary circulation |
| Textbook Information on Pulmonary circulation | Books and Textbook Information on Pulmonary circulation |
| Pharmacology Resources on Pulmonary circulation | Dosing of Pulmonary circulation • Drug interactions with Pulmonary circulation • Side effects of Pulmonary circulation • Allergic reactions to Pulmonary circulation • Overdose information on Pulmonary circulation • Carcinogenicity information on Pulmonary circulation • Pulmonary circulation in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Pulmonary circulation • |
| Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Pulmonary circulation | Genetics of Pulmonary circulation • Pharmacogenomics of Pulmonary circulation • Proteomics of Pulmonary circulation |
| Newstories on Pulmonary circulation | Pulmonary circulation in the news • Be alerted to news on Pulmonary circulation • News trends on Pulmonary circulation |
| Commentary on Pulmonary circulation | Blogs on Pulmonary circulation |
| Patient Resources on Pulmonary circulation | Patient resources on Pulmonary circulation • Discussion groups on Pulmonary circulation • Patient Handouts on Pulmonary circulation • Directions to Hospitals Treating Pulmonary circulation • |