Wheeze and fever: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:34, 19 March 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Karina Zavaleta, MD [2], Iqra Qamar M.D.[3], Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[4]

Differential diagnosis of Wheeze and Fever

Etiology on the basis of anatomy	Diseases	Clinical manifestations							Diagnosis					Other features
		Symptoms					Physical exam		Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Imaging
		Onset	Cough	Dyspnea	Fever	Slurred speech	Cyanosis	Auscultation	Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Chest imaging	Other	Gold standard
Extrathoracic upper airway diseases	Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]	Acute	–	+	+	+	–	Hoarseness Stridor	Leukocytosis Epiglottal culture	Normal function	Clear chest	More than 8 mm of size epiglottal and distend hypopharynx in neck x–ray	An edematous epiglottis is visualized on laryngoscopy^[1]	Tripod posture Drooling Tenderness of the anterior part of the neck
	Relapsing polychondritis ^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]	Acute	+	+	+	–	–	Hoarseness Aphonia Inspiratory stridor	Leukocytosis or thrombocytosis Positive antinuclear antibodies ( ANA) and ANCA	Variable flow volume loop	Tracheal narrowing Cartilaginous calcification, bronchial wall thickness, and tracheal narrowing is observed on CT MRI can distinguish fibrosis from inflammation	Cartilaginous calicification, bronchial wall thickness, and tracheal narrowing observed in CT ^[13] MRI can distinguish fibrosis from inflammation	Mc Adam criteria:^[11] Ear bilateral chondritis Seronegative inflammatory polyarthritis Respiratory tract chondritis Coclear or vestibular dysfunction Ocular inflamation	Involvement of cartilage of ears, ribs, nose, and eyes
	Retropharyngeal abscess^[14]^[15]^[16]	Subacute	–	+	+	+	–	Stridor Tachypnea	Leukocytosis Aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures may be helpful^[17]	Normal function	Lateral chest x–ray to determine the extension of the abscess	Increased vertebral space in lateral neck x–ray Cervical lordosis and gas collection in retropharyngeal space in neck CT with intravenous contrast	Neck CT or presence of pus during the surgical procedure^[18]	Pain with neck extension Dysphagia Head in sniffing position
Etiology on the basis of anatomy	Diseases	Clinical manifestations							Diagnosis					Other features
		Symptoms					Physical exam		Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Imaging
		Onset	Cough	Dyspnea	Fever	Slurred speech	Cyanosis	Auscultation	Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Chest imaging	Other	Gold standard
Central airway diseases (Intrathoracic upper airway obstruction)	Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy^[19]^[20]	Chronic	+	+	+	–	–	Stridor Hoarseness	Anti–acetylcholine receptor antibodies present in thymic tumors High levels of AFP and beta–hCG present in germ cell tumors Increased lactate dehydrogenase in seminomas	Expiratory flow rate decreased^[21]	Size, location, and density of the mass can be observed	In chest CT, location, size, tissue characteristic, and relationship with other structures of the mass is observed Information of posterior mediastinal mass can be provided in chest or spine MRI ^[22]	Chest CT	Hemoptysis Superior vena cava syndrome Surgical resection
Lower airway obstruction	Bronchiolitis^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]	Acute	+	+	+	–	+	Crackles Increased respiratory rate	For bacterial infection in neonates: CBC Urinalysis Urine culture	Normal function or obstructive changes (FEV1/FVC < 70%) Air trapping in Lung volumes Reduced diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide ( DLCO) ^[28]	Hyperinflation Mosaic attenuation Increased bronchial wall^[28]	Bronchoscopy to rule out other diseases	Clinical diagnosis	Etiology: Respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus
Lower airway obstruction	Parasitic infection with VLM (eg, Ascaris, Strongyloides, filaria)^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]	Acute	+	+	+	–	–	Rales	Leukocytosis Eosinophilia Toxocara antigens detected in ELISA Hypergammaglobulinemia^[33]	Not specific	Bilateral peribronchial infiltration Parenchymal infiltration	Subpleural nodules, ground–glass opacities observed on chest CT ^[34]	Larve on biopsy	Eosinophilia detected in bronchoalveolar lavage

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Glynn F, Fenton JE (May 2008). "Diagnosis and management of supraglottitis (epiglottitis)". Curr Infect Dis Rep. 10 (3): 200–4. PMID 18510881.
↑ Mayo-Smith MF, Spinale JW, Donskey CJ, Yukawa M, Li RH, Schiffman FJ (December 1995). "Acute epiglottitis. An 18-year experience in Rhode Island". Chest. 108 (6): 1640–7. PMID 7497775.
↑ Frantz TD, Rasgon BM, Quesenberry CP (November 1994). "Acute epiglottitis in adults. Analysis of 129 cases". JAMA. 272 (17): 1358–60. PMID 7933397.
↑ Guldfred LA, Lyhne D, Becker BC (August 2008). "Acute epiglottitis: epidemiology, clinical presentation, management and outcome". J Laryngol Otol. 122 (8): 818–23. doi:10.1017/S0022215107000473. PMID 17892608.
↑ Hébert PC, Ducic Y, Boisvert D, Lamothe A (January 1998). "Adult epiglottitis in a Canadian setting". Laryngoscope. 108 (1 Pt 1): 64–9. PMID 9432069.
↑ Rafeq S, Trentham D, Ernst A (September 2010). "Pulmonary manifestations of relapsing polychondritis". Clin. Chest Med. 31 (3): 513–8. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2010.04.004. PMID 20692543.
↑ Ernst A, Rafeq S, Boiselle P, Sung A, Reddy C, Michaud G, Majid A, Herth F, Trentham D (April 2009). "Relapsing polychondritis and airway involvement". Chest. 135 (4): 1024–1030. doi:10.1378/chest.08-1180. PMID 19017885. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Eng J, Sabanathan S (April 1991). "Airway complications in relapsing polychondritis". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 51 (4): 686–92. PMID 2012438.
↑ Tillie-Leblond I, Wallaert B, Leblond D, Salez F, Perez T, Remy-Jardin M, Vanhille P, Brouillard M, Marquette C, Tonnel AB (May 1998). "Respiratory involvement in relapsing polychondritis. Clinical, functional, endoscopic, and radiographic evaluations". Medicine (Baltimore). 77 (3): 168–76. PMID 9653428.
↑ Riha RL, Douglas NJ (January 2004). "Obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea as the initial presentation of relapsing polychondritis". Int. J. Clin. Pract. 58 (1): 97–9. PMID 14994981.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 McAdam LP, O'Hanlan MA, Bluestone R, Pearson CM (May 1976). "Relapsing polychondritis: prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (3): 193–215. PMID 775252.
↑ Damiani JM, Levine HL (June 1979). "Relapsing polychondritis--report of ten cases". Laryngoscope. 89 (6 Pt 1): 929–46. PMID 449538.
↑ Behar JV, Choi YW, Hartman TA, Allen NB, McAdams HP (January 2002). "Relapsing polychondritis affecting the lower respiratory tract". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178 (1): 173–7. doi:10.2214/ajr.178.1.1780173. PMID 11756115.
↑ Page NC, Bauer EM, Lieu JE (March 2008). "Clinical features and treatment of retropharyngeal abscess in children". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 138 (3): 300–6. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2007.11.033. PMID 18312875.
↑ Craig FW, Schunk JE (June 2003). "Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management". Pediatrics. 111 (6 Pt 1): 1394–8. PMID 12777558.
↑ Cmejrek RC, Coticchia JM, Arnold JE (December 2002). "Presentation, diagnosis, and management of deep-neck abscesses in infants". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 128 (12): 1361–4. PMID 12479720.
↑ Knorr TL, Sinha V. PMID 28722903. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Lazor JB, Cunningham MJ, Eavey RD, Weber AL (December 1994). "Comparison of computed tomography and surgical findings in deep neck infections". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 111 (6): 746–50. doi:10.1177/019459989411100608. PMID 7991254.
↑ Kawahara K, Miyawaki M, Anami K, Moroga T, Yamamoto S, Tokuishi K, Yamashita S, Kumamoto T (January 2012). "A patient with mediastinal mature teratoma presenting with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis". J Thorac Oncol. 7 (1): 258–9. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318236eade. PMID 22173664.
↑ Stover DG, Eisenberg R, Johnson DH (November 2010). "Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in a young woman with a mature mediastinal teratoma". J Thorac Oncol. 5 (11): 1872–3. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181eba81d. PMID 20975383.
↑ Shamberger RC, Holzman RS, Griscom NT, Tarbell NJ, Weinstein HJ, Wohl ME (September 1995). "Prospective evaluation by computed tomography and pulmonary function tests of children with mediastinal masses". Surgery. 118 (3): 468–71. PMID 7652680.
↑ Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L (February 2013). "A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses". Insights Imaging. 4 (1): 29–52. doi:10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0. PMC 3579993. PMID 23225215.
↑ Hall CB, Long CE, Schnabel KC (September 2001). "Respiratory syncytial virus infections in previously healthy working adults". Clin. Infect. Dis. 33 (6): 792–6. doi:10.1086/322657. PMID 11512084.
↑ Glezen WP, Taber LH, Frank AL, Kasel JA (June 1986). "Risk of primary infection and reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus". Am. J. Dis. Child. 140 (6): 543–6. PMID 3706232.
↑ Falsey AR, Walsh EE (July 2000). "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13 (3): 371–84. PMC 88938. PMID 10885982.
↑ O'Shea MK, Ryan MA, Hawksworth AW, Alsip BJ, Gray GC (August 2005). "Symptomatic respiratory syncytial virus infection in previously healthy young adults living in a crowded military environment". Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 (3): 311–7. doi:10.1086/431591. PMID 16007526.
↑ Wald TG, Miller BA, Shult P, Drinka P, Langer L, Gravenstein S (February 1995). "Can respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A be distinguished clinically in institutionalized older persons?". J Am Geriatr Soc. 43 (2): 170–4. PMID 7836643.
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 Devakonda A, Raoof S, Sung A, Travis WD, Naidich D (April 2010). "Bronchiolar disorders: a clinical-radiological diagnostic algorithm". Chest. 137 (4): 938–51. doi:10.1378/chest.09-0800. PMID 20371529.
↑ Marchand E, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Lauque D, Durieu J, Tonnel AB, Cordier JF (September 1998). "Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. A clinical and follow-up study of 62 cases. The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies "Orphelines" Pulmonaires (GERM"O"P)". Medicine (Baltimore). 77 (5): 299–312. PMID 9772920.
↑ Johkoh T, Müller NL, Akira M, Ichikado K, Suga M, Ando M, Yoshinaga T, Kiyama T, Mihara N, Honda O, Tomiyama N, Nakamura H (September 2000). "Eosinophilic lung diseases: diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT in 111 patients". Radiology. 216 (3): 773–80. doi:10.1148/radiology.216.3.r00se01773. PMID 10966710.
↑ Mayo JR, Müller NL, Road J, Sisler J, Lillington G (October 1989). "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: CT findings in six cases". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 153 (4): 727–30. doi:10.2214/ajr.153.4.727. PMID 2773727.
↑ Ebara H, Ikezoe J, Johkoh T, Kohno N, Takeuchi N, Kozuka T, Ishida O (1994). "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: evolution of chest radiograms and CT features". J Comput Assist Tomogr. 18 (5): 737–44. PMID 8089322.
↑ Rubinsky-Elefant G, Hirata CE, Yamamoto JH, Ferreira MU (January 2010). "Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms". Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 104 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1179/136485910X12607012373957. PMID 20149289.
↑ Sakai S, Shida Y, Takahashi N, Yabuuchi H, Soeda H, Okafuji T, Hatakenaka M, Honda H (June 2006). "Pulmonary lesions associated with visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum or Toxocara canis: imaging of six cases". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 186 (6): 1697–702. doi:10.2214/AJR.04.1507. PMID 16714661.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid18510881-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Glynn F, Fenton JE (May 2008). "Diagnosis and management of supraglottitis (epiglottitis)". Curr Infect Dis Rep. 10 (3): 200–4. PMID 18510881.

[pmid7497775-2] Mayo-Smith MF, Spinale JW, Donskey CJ, Yukawa M, Li RH, Schiffman FJ (December 1995). "Acute epiglottitis. An 18-year experience in Rhode Island". Chest. 108 (6): 1640–7. PMID 7497775.

[pmid7933397-3] Frantz TD, Rasgon BM, Quesenberry CP (November 1994). "Acute epiglottitis in adults. Analysis of 129 cases". JAMA. 272 (17): 1358–60. PMID 7933397.

[pmid17892608-4] Guldfred LA, Lyhne D, Becker BC (August 2008). "Acute epiglottitis: epidemiology, clinical presentation, management and outcome". J Laryngol Otol. 122 (8): 818–23. doi:10.1017/S0022215107000473. PMID 17892608.

[pmid9432069-5] Hébert PC, Ducic Y, Boisvert D, Lamothe A (January 1998). "Adult epiglottitis in a Canadian setting". Laryngoscope. 108 (1 Pt 1): 64–9. PMID 9432069.

[pmid20692543-6] Rafeq S, Trentham D, Ernst A (September 2010). "Pulmonary manifestations of relapsing polychondritis". Clin. Chest Med. 31 (3): 513–8. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2010.04.004. PMID 20692543.

[pmid19017885-7] Ernst A, Rafeq S, Boiselle P, Sung A, Reddy C, Michaud G, Majid A, Herth F, Trentham D (April 2009). "Relapsing polychondritis and airway involvement". Chest. 135 (4): 1024–1030. doi:10.1378/chest.08-1180. PMID 19017885. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[pmid2012438-8] Eng J, Sabanathan S (April 1991). "Airway complications in relapsing polychondritis". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 51 (4): 686–92. PMID 2012438.

[pmid9653428-9] Tillie-Leblond I, Wallaert B, Leblond D, Salez F, Perez T, Remy-Jardin M, Vanhille P, Brouillard M, Marquette C, Tonnel AB (May 1998). "Respiratory involvement in relapsing polychondritis. Clinical, functional, endoscopic, and radiographic evaluations". Medicine (Baltimore). 77 (3): 168–76. PMID 9653428.

[pmid14994981-10] Riha RL, Douglas NJ (January 2004). "Obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea as the initial presentation of relapsing polychondritis". Int. J. Clin. Pract. 58 (1): 97–9. PMID 14994981.

[pmid775252-11] 11.0 ^11.1 McAdam LP, O'Hanlan MA, Bluestone R, Pearson CM (May 1976). "Relapsing polychondritis: prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (3): 193–215. PMID 775252.

[pmid449538-12] Damiani JM, Levine HL (June 1979). "Relapsing polychondritis--report of ten cases". Laryngoscope. 89 (6 Pt 1): 929–46. PMID 449538.

[pmid11756115-13] Behar JV, Choi YW, Hartman TA, Allen NB, McAdams HP (January 2002). "Relapsing polychondritis affecting the lower respiratory tract". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178 (1): 173–7. doi:10.2214/ajr.178.1.1780173. PMID 11756115.

[pmid18312875-14] Page NC, Bauer EM, Lieu JE (March 2008). "Clinical features and treatment of retropharyngeal abscess in children". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 138 (3): 300–6. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2007.11.033. PMID 18312875.

[pmid12777558-15] Craig FW, Schunk JE (June 2003). "Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management". Pediatrics. 111 (6 Pt 1): 1394–8. PMID 12777558.

[pmid12479720-16] Cmejrek RC, Coticchia JM, Arnold JE (December 2002). "Presentation, diagnosis, and management of deep-neck abscesses in infants". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 128 (12): 1361–4. PMID 12479720.

[pmid28722903-17] Knorr TL, Sinha V. PMID 28722903. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[pmid7991254-18] Lazor JB, Cunningham MJ, Eavey RD, Weber AL (December 1994). "Comparison of computed tomography and surgical findings in deep neck infections". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 111 (6): 746–50. doi:10.1177/019459989411100608. PMID 7991254.

[pmid22173664-19] Kawahara K, Miyawaki M, Anami K, Moroga T, Yamamoto S, Tokuishi K, Yamashita S, Kumamoto T (January 2012). "A patient with mediastinal mature teratoma presenting with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis". J Thorac Oncol. 7 (1): 258–9. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318236eade. PMID 22173664.

[pmid20975383-20] Stover DG, Eisenberg R, Johnson DH (November 2010). "Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in a young woman with a mature mediastinal teratoma". J Thorac Oncol. 5 (11): 1872–3. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181eba81d. PMID 20975383.

[pmid7652680-21] Shamberger RC, Holzman RS, Griscom NT, Tarbell NJ, Weinstein HJ, Wohl ME (September 1995). "Prospective evaluation by computed tomography and pulmonary function tests of children with mediastinal masses". Surgery. 118 (3): 468–71. PMID 7652680.

[pmid23225215-22] Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L (February 2013). "A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses". Insights Imaging. 4 (1): 29–52. doi:10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0. PMC 3579993. PMID 23225215.

[pmid11512084-23] Hall CB, Long CE, Schnabel KC (September 2001). "Respiratory syncytial virus infections in previously healthy working adults". Clin. Infect. Dis. 33 (6): 792–6. doi:10.1086/322657. PMID 11512084.

[pmid3706232-24] Glezen WP, Taber LH, Frank AL, Kasel JA (June 1986). "Risk of primary infection and reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus". Am. J. Dis. Child. 140 (6): 543–6. PMID 3706232.

[pmid10885982-25] Falsey AR, Walsh EE (July 2000). "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13 (3): 371–84. PMC 88938. PMID 10885982.

[pmid16007526-26] O'Shea MK, Ryan MA, Hawksworth AW, Alsip BJ, Gray GC (August 2005). "Symptomatic respiratory syncytial virus infection in previously healthy young adults living in a crowded military environment". Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 (3): 311–7. doi:10.1086/431591. PMID 16007526.

[pmid7836643-27] Wald TG, Miller BA, Shult P, Drinka P, Langer L, Gravenstein S (February 1995). "Can respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A be distinguished clinically in institutionalized older persons?". J Am Geriatr Soc. 43 (2): 170–4. PMID 7836643.

[pmid20371529-28] 28.0 ^28.1 Devakonda A, Raoof S, Sung A, Travis WD, Naidich D (April 2010). "Bronchiolar disorders: a clinical-radiological diagnostic algorithm". Chest. 137 (4): 938–51. doi:10.1378/chest.09-0800. PMID 20371529.

[pmid9772920-29] Marchand E, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Lauque D, Durieu J, Tonnel AB, Cordier JF (September 1998). "Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. A clinical and follow-up study of 62 cases. The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies "Orphelines" Pulmonaires (GERM"O"P)". Medicine (Baltimore). 77 (5): 299–312. PMID 9772920.

[pmid10966710-30] Johkoh T, Müller NL, Akira M, Ichikado K, Suga M, Ando M, Yoshinaga T, Kiyama T, Mihara N, Honda O, Tomiyama N, Nakamura H (September 2000). "Eosinophilic lung diseases: diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT in 111 patients". Radiology. 216 (3): 773–80. doi:10.1148/radiology.216.3.r00se01773. PMID 10966710.

[pmid2773727-31] Mayo JR, Müller NL, Road J, Sisler J, Lillington G (October 1989). "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: CT findings in six cases". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 153 (4): 727–30. doi:10.2214/ajr.153.4.727. PMID 2773727.

[pmid8089322-32] Ebara H, Ikezoe J, Johkoh T, Kohno N, Takeuchi N, Kozuka T, Ishida O (1994). "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: evolution of chest radiograms and CT features". J Comput Assist Tomogr. 18 (5): 737–44. PMID 8089322.

[pmid20149289-33] Rubinsky-Elefant G, Hirata CE, Yamamoto JH, Ferreira MU (January 2010). "Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms". Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 104 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1179/136485910X12607012373957. PMID 20149289.

[pmid16714661-34] Sakai S, Shida Y, Takahashi N, Yabuuchi H, Soeda H, Okafuji T, Hatakenaka M, Honda H (June 2006). "Pulmonary lesions associated with visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum or Toxocara canis: imaging of six cases". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 186 (6): 1697–702. doi:10.2214/AJR.04.1507. PMID 16714661.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Differential diagnosis of Wheeze and Fever==
 {| class="wikitable"
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Diseases
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="7" + |Clinical manifestations
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Diagnosis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Other features
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Symptoms
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="2" + |Physical exam
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Labs
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Pulmonary function testing
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="3" + |Imaging
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cough
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Slurred speech
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cyanosis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Auscultation
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chest imaging
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="6" + |'''Extrathoracic upper airway diseases'''
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Laryngeal edema'''
-'''(Anaphylaxis)'''<ref name="pmid16461139">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, Adkinson NF, Bock SA, Branum A, Brown SG, Camargo CA, Cydulka R, Galli SJ, Gidudu J, Gruchalla RS, Harlor AD, Hepner DL, Lewis LM, Lieberman PL, Metcalfe DD, O'Connor R, Muraro A, Rudman A, Schmitt C, Scherrer D, Simons FE, Thomas S, Wood JP, Decker WW |title=Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report--Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=391–7 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16461139 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15753908">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Bock SA, Schmitt C, Bass R, Chowdhury BA, Decker WW, Furlong TJ, Galli SJ, Golden DB, Gruchalla RS, Harlor AD, Hepner DL, Howarth M, Kaplan AP, Levy JH, Lewis LM, Lieberman PL, Metcalfe DD, Murphy R, Pollart SM, Pumphrey RS, Rosenwasser LJ, Simons FE, Wood JP, Camargo CA |title=Symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=584–91 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15753908 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.01.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12209078">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kemp SF, Lockey RF |title=Anaphylaxis: a review of causes and mechanisms |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=341–8 |date=September 2002 |pmid=12209078 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20205694">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ewan PW, Dugué P, Mirakian R, Dixon TA, Harper JN, Nasser SM |title=BSACI guidelines for the investigation of suspected anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia |journal=Clin. Exp. Allergy |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=15–31 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20205694 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03404.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20176258">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simons FE |title=Anaphylaxis |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=125 |issue=2 Suppl 2 |pages=S161–81 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20176258 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.981 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-* [[Stridor]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* High levels of [[serum]] [[tryptase]]
-* Increased levels of [[plasma]] [[histamine]]
-* [[Skin allergy test]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not required
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not required
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-Acute onset with one of them:
-* [[Respiratory]] compromise
-* Reduced [[blood pressure]] ([[Blood pressure|BP]])
-Two or more after the exposure to a likely [[allergen]]
-* [[Respiratory]] compromise
-* Reduced [[Blood pressure|BP]]
-* [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]] <nowiki/>symptoms
-* [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Skin–mucosa]]<nowiki/>l involvement
-[[Blood pressure|BP]] reduced after exposure of a known [[allergen]]
-* Adult [[Blood pressure|BP]] [[Systole (medicine)|systolic]] <90 mmHg
-* Children: Low [[Systolic blood pressure|systolic BP]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Nasal discharge]], [[altered mental status]], redness and [[hives]] of the [[skin]]
-* Common [[Allergen|allergens]]: Food, insect sting, biologic materials, natural rubber latex, etc
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Cricoarytenoid arthritis'''<ref name="pmid8519073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kelly CA |title=Rheumatoid arthritis: other rheumatoid lung problems |journal=Baillieres Clin Rheumatol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=17–29 |date=February 1993 |pmid=8519073 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3820205">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geterud A, Ejnell H, Månsson I, Sandberg N, Bake B, Bjelle A |title=Severe airway obstruction caused by laryngeal rheumatoid arthritis |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=948–51 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3820205 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-* [[Stridor]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Test for [[rheumatoid arthritis]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Lung volumes|Forced inspiratory flow]]<nowiki/>decreased
-* [[Lung volumes|Forced expiratory flow]]<nowiki/>decreased
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clear chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hyperdense intra–articular sclerotic [[Cricoid cartilage|cricoid]] and [[arytenoid cartilage]]<nowiki/>s in [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="pmid22884484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greco A, Fusconi M, Macri GF, Marinelli C, Polettini E, Benincasa AT, de Vincentiis M |title=Cricoarytenoid joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic evaluation |journal=Am J Otolaryngol |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=753–5 |date= 2012 |pmid=22884484 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.06.004 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Laryngoscopy|Direct laryngoscopy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Cartilage]] <nowiki/>erosion can lead on joint luxation and immobilization of the [[cord]]<ref name="pmid22884484" />
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Vocal fold edema/hematoma/paralysis'''<ref name="pmid17011423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishman SL, Halum SL, Patel NJ, Kerschner JE, Merati AL |title=Management of vocal paralysis: a comparison of adult and pediatric practices |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=590–4 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17011423 |doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2006.04.014 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-* Short breathing
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clear chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not required
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Laryngoscopy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Associated with [[Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery|neck surgery]]
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Paradoxical vocal fold motion'''<ref name="pmid21051397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morris MJ, Christopher KL |title=Diagnostic criteria for the classification of vocal cord dysfunction |journal=Chest |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=1213–23 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21051397 |doi=10.1378/chest.09-2944 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24125138">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tilles SA, Ayars AG, Picciano JF, Altman K |title=Exercise-induced vocal cord dysfunction and exercise-induced laryngomalacia in children and adolescents: the same clinical syndrome? |journal=Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=342–346.e1 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24125138 |doi=10.1016/j.anai.2013.07.025 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Inspiratory [[stridor]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hypercapnia]] in [[arterial blood gases]] <nowiki/>when [[distress]] is severe
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Lung function tests|Forced inspiratory flow]] <nowiki/>decrease but normal between episodes<ref name="pmid22434681">{{cite journal |vauthors=Forrest LA, Husein T, Husein O |title=Paradoxical vocal cord motion: classification and treatment |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=844–53 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22434681 |doi=10.1002/lary.23176 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clear chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] and color flow doppler <nowiki/>to rule out other diseases<ref name="pmid9207723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nastasi KJ, Howard DA, Raby RB, Lew DB, Blaiss MS |title=Airway fluoroscopic diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction syndrome |journal=Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=586–8 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9207723 |doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63220-6 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Abnormal [[adduction]] of [[vocal fold]] visualized in [[laryngoscopy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Throat]] tightness, choking sensation
-* Associated with [[exercise]], [[asthma]], post–extubation, etc.<ref name="pmid23097011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiang T, Marcinow AM, deSilva BW, Ence BN, Lindsey SE, Forrest LA |title=Exercise-induced paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder: diagnosis and management |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=727–31 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23097011 |doi=10.1002/lary.23654 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Laryngeal stenosis'''<ref name="pmid27508129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nair S, Nilakantan A, Sood A, Gupta A, Gupta A |title=Challenges in the Management of Laryngeal Stenosis |journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=294–9 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27508129 |pmc=4961642 |doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0936-2 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute, Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Glottic]] or [[Glottis|supraglottic]]: Inspiratory [[stridor]]
-* [[Glottis]] <nowiki/>through [[trachea]]: biphasic [[stridor]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Vital capacity|FV]] loop variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clear chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Stenosis visualized in [[neck]] [[x-ray|x–ray]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Palpation of [[Arytenoid cartilage|arytenoid]] <nowiki/>for passive mobility and [[Laryngoscope|laryngoscopy]]<ref name="pmid7208045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bogdasarian RS, Olson NR |title=Posterior glottic laryngeal stenosis |journal=Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=765–72 |date= 1980 |pmid=7208045 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* History of neck trauma or [[intubation]]
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Laryngocele'''<ref name="pmid1053096">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crelin ES |title=Development of the upper respiratory system |journal=Clin Symp |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1–30 |date=1976 |pmid=1053096 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11374255">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pennings RJ, van den Hoogen FJ, Marres HA |title=Giant laryngoceles: a cause of upper airway obstruction |journal=Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=258 |issue=3 |pages=137–40 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11374255 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8614888">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sniezek JC, Johnson RE, Ramirez SG, Hayes DK |title=Laryngoceles and saccular cysts |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=427–30 |date=April 1996 |pmid=8614888 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8166980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chu L, Gussack GS, Orr JB, Hood D |title=Neonatal laryngoceles. A cause for airway obstruction |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=454–8 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8166980 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1554451">{{cite journal |vauthors=Civantos FJ, Holinger LD |title=Laryngoceles and saccular cysts in infants and children |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=296–300 |date=March 1992 |pmid=1554451 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Inspiratory [[stridor]]
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal function
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clear chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Cyst]] with liquid or air content on [[ultrasound]], [[radiography]] or [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Smooth swelling visualized in [[laryngoscopy]]<ref name="pmid8166980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chu L, Gussack GS, Orr JB, Hood D |title=Neonatal laryngoceles. A cause for airway obstruction |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=454–8 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8166980 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Dysphagia]], laryngeal discomfort
-* Usually [[asymptomatic]]
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
@@ Line 209: / Line 31: @@
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
 |-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="7" + |'''Extrathoracic upper airway diseases'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3" + |'''Extrathoracic upper airway diseases'''
 | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)'''<ref name="pmid18510881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glynn F, Fenton JE |title=Diagnosis and management of supraglottitis (epiglottitis) |journal=Curr Infect Dis Rep |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=200–4 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18510881 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7497775">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mayo-Smith MF, Spinale JW, Donskey CJ, Yukawa M, Li RH, Schiffman FJ |title=Acute epiglottitis. An 18-year experience in Rhode Island |journal=Chest |volume=108 |issue=6 |pages=1640–7 |date=December 1995 |pmid=7497775 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7933397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frantz TD, Rasgon BM, Quesenberry CP |title=Acute epiglottitis in adults. Analysis of 129 cases |journal=JAMA |volume=272 |issue=17 |pages=1358–60 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7933397 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17892608">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guldfred LA, Lyhne D, Becker BC |title=Acute epiglottitis: epidemiology, clinical presentation, management and outcome |journal=J Laryngol Otol |volume=122 |issue=8 |pages=818–23 |date=August 2008 |pmid=17892608 |doi=10.1017/S0022215107000473 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9432069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hébert PC, Ducic Y, Boisvert D, Lamothe A |title=Adult epiglottitis in a Canadian setting |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=108 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=64–9 |date=January 1998 |pmid=9432069 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
@@ Line 235: / Line 57: @@
 * [[Drooling]]
 * Tenderness of the anterior part of the neck
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Goiter'''<ref name="pmid3885887">{{cite journal |vauthors=Katlic MR, Wang CA, Grillo HC |title=Substernal goiter |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=391–9 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3885887 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6648812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allo MD, Thompson NW |title=Rationale for the operative management of substernal goiters |journal=Surgery |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=969–77 |date=December 1983 |pmid=6648812 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3970328">{{cite journal |vauthors=Katlic MR, Grillo HC, Wang CA |title=Substernal goiter. Analysis of 80 patients from Massachusetts General Hospital |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=283–7 |date=February 1985 |pmid=3970328 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2802045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shaha AR, Burnett C, Alfonso A, Jaffe BM |title=Goiters and airway problems |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=158 |issue=4 |pages=378–80; discussion 380–1 |date=October 1989 |pmid=2802045 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7661484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Torre G, Borgonovo G, Amato A, Arezzo A, Ansaldo G, De Negri A, Ughè M, Mattioli F |title=Surgical management of substernal goiter: analysis of 237 patients |journal=Am Surg |volume=61 |issue=9 |pages=826–31 |date=September 1995 |pmid=7661484 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6831895">{{cite journal |vauthors=Torres A, Arroyo J, Kastanos N, Estopá R, Rabaseda J, Agustí-Vidal A |title=Acute respiratory failure and tracheal obstruction in patients with intrathoracic goiter |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=265–6 |date=April 1983 |pmid=6831895 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4777540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shambaugh GE, Seed R, Korn A |title=Airway obstruction in substernal goiter. Clinical and therapeutic implications |journal=J Chronic Dis |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=737–43 |date=November 1973 |pmid=4777540 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22147633">{{cite journal |vauthors=Banks CA, Ayers CM, Hornig JD, Lentsch EJ, Day TA, Nguyen SA, Gillespie MB |title=Thyroid disease and compressive symptoms |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=13–6 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22147633 |doi=10.1002/lary.22366 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Stridor]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Thyroid function tests]]: [[TSH]], [[Triiodothyronine|T3]], and [[Thyroxine|T4]]
-* [[Thyroid peroxidase|Thyroid peroxide antibodies]] :[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Airflow limitation of the volume loop depending on the size and localization<ref name="pmid1130755">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Bazzaz F, Grillo H, Kazemi H |title=Response to exercise in upper airway obstruction |journal=Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=631–40 |date=May 1975 |pmid=1130755 |doi=10.1164/arrd.1975.111.5.631 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Substernal [[goiter]] causes a deviation of the [[trachea]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] can be performed to visualize the [[cervical]] and substernal [[goiter]] and its extention<ref name="pmid6600532">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bashist B, Ellis K, Gold RP |title=Computed tomography of intrathoracic goiters |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=455–60 |date=March 1983 |pmid=6600532 |doi=10.2214/ajr.140.3.455 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Physical examination]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Iodine deficiency]] is the most common cause<ref name="pmid10700715">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knudsen N, Perrild H, Christiansen E, Rasmussen S, Dige-Petersen H, Jørgensen T |title=Thyroid structure and size and two-year follow-up of solitary cold thyroid nodules in an unselected population with borderline iodine deficiency |journal=Eur. J. Endocrinol. |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=224–30 |date=March 2000 |pmid=10700715 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Postnasal drip syndrome'''<ref name="pmid6861547">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pratter MR, Hingston DM, Irwin RS |title=Diagnosis of bronchial asthma by clinical evaluation. An unreliable method |journal=Chest |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=42–7 |date=July 1983 |pmid=6861547 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3057962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curley FJ, Irwin RS, Pratter MR, Stivers DH, Doern GV, Vernaglia PA, Larkin AB, Baker SP |title=Cough and the common cold |journal=Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=305–11 |date=August 1988 |pmid=3057962 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm/138.2.305 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6697790">{{cite journal |vauthors=Irwin RS, Pratter MR, Holland PS, Corwin RW, Hughes JP |title=Postnasal drip causes cough and is associated with reversible upper airway obstruction |journal=Chest |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=346–52 |date=March 1984 |pmid=6697790 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Stridor]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Elevated [[eosinophils]]
-* Increase of [[IgE]]
-* Positive intradermic test<ref name="pmid25910556">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yu L, Xu X, Lv H, Qiu Z |title=Advances in upper airway cough syndrome |journal=Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=223–8 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25910556 |doi=10.1016/j.kjms.2015.01.005 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal response to [[bronchoprovocation]]
-* Variable FV loop
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clear chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Sinus [[Computed tomography|CT]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Nasal congestion]]
-* [[Rhinorrhea]]
 |-
 | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Relapsing polychondritis''' <ref name="pmid20692543">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rafeq S, Trentham D, Ernst A |title=Pulmonary manifestations of relapsing polychondritis |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=513–8 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20692543 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2010.04.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19017885">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ernst A, Rafeq S, Boiselle P, Sung A, Reddy C, Michaud G, Majid A, Herth FJF, Trentham D |title=Relapsing polychondritis and airway involvement |journal=Chest |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1024–1030 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19017885 |doi=10.1378/chest.08-1180 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2012438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eng J, Sabanathan S |title=Airway complications in relapsing polychondritis |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=686–92 |date=April 1991 |pmid=2012438 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9653428">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tillie-Leblond I, Wallaert B, Leblond D, Salez F, Perez T, Remy-Jardin M, Vanhille P, Brouillard M, Marquette C, Tonnel AB |title=Respiratory involvement in relapsing polychondritis. Clinical, functional, endoscopic, and radiographic evaluations |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=168–76 |date=May 1998 |pmid=9653428 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14994981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riha RL, Douglas NJ |title=Obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea as the initial presentation of relapsing polychondritis |journal=Int. J. Clin. Pract. |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=97–9 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14994981 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid775252">{{cite journal |vauthors=McAdam LP, O'Hanlan MA, Bluestone R, Pearson CM |title=Relapsing polychondritis: prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=193–215 |date=May 1976 |pmid=775252 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid449538">{{cite journal |vauthors=Damiani JM, Levine HL |title=Relapsing polychondritis--report of ten cases |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=89 |issue=6 Pt 1 |pages=929–46 |date=June 1979 |pmid=449538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 347: / Line 118: @@
 * [[Dysphagia]]
 * Head in sniffing position
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Tonsillar hypertrophy'''<ref name="pmid20131382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaditis AG, Kalampouka E, Hatzinikolaou S, Lianou L, Papaefthimiou M, Gartagani-Panagiotopoulou P, Zintzaras E, Chrousos G |title=Associations of tonsillar hypertrophy and snoring with history of wheezing in childhood |journal=Pediatr. Pulmonol. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=275–80 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20131382 |doi=10.1002/ppul.21174 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute, chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + hyponasal speech
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Stridor]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Flow loop shows inspiratory slowing
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clear chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not required
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Direct visualization of enlarged [[tonsils]] in [[oropharyngeal]] exam<ref name="pmid22973368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jazi SM, Barati B, Kheradmand A |title=Treatment of adenotonsillar hypertrophy: A prospective randomized trial comparing azithromycin vs. fluticasone |journal=J Res Med Sci |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1590–7 |date=December 2011 |pmid=22973368 |pmc=3434901 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* More in children and adolescents
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea'''<ref name="pmid23328541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bradley PT, Bradley PJ |title=Branchial cleft cyst carcinoma: fact or fiction? |journal=Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=118–23 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23328541 |doi=10.1097/MOO.0b013e32835cebde |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6537892">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silverman S, Gorsky M, Lozada F |title=Oral leukoplakia and malignant transformation. A follow-up study of 257 patients |journal=Cancer |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=563–8 |date=February 1984 |pmid=6537892 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Stridor]]
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Flow loop shows inspiratory slowing
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not required
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] provide information about the grade of invasion
-* [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] can make a difference between tumors in the mucosa or bone marrow<ref name="urlCDC - Head and Neck Cancers">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/headneck/index.htm |title=CDC - Head and Neck Cancers |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Fine needle aspiration [[biopsy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Risk factor: [[Tobacco]] and [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] infections
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
@@ Line 417: / Line 142: @@
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
 |-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="6" + |'''Central airway diseases'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Central airway diseases'''
 '''(Intrathoracic upper airway obstruction)'''
 | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy'''<ref name="pmid22173664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kawahara K, Miyawaki M, Anami K, Moroga T, Yamamoto S, Tokuishi K, Yamashita S, Kumamoto T |title=A patient with mediastinal mature teratoma presenting with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=258–9 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22173664 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e318236eade |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20975383">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stover DG, Eisenberg R, Johnson DH |title=Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in a young woman with a mature mediastinal teratoma |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=1872–3 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20975383 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181eba81d |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 447: / Line 172: @@
 * [[Surgical resection]]
 |-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Respiratory papillomatosis'''<ref name="pmid18496162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Derkay CS, Wiatrak B |title=Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=118 |issue=7 |pages=1236–47 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18496162 |doi=10.1097/MLG.0b013e31816a7135 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23013073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yuan H, Myers S, Wang J, Zhou D, Woo JA, Kallakury B, Ju A, Bazylewicz M, Carter YM, Albanese C, Grant N, Shad A, Dritschilo A, Liu X, Schlegel R |title=Use of reprogrammed cells to identify therapy for respiratory papillomatosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=367 |issue=13 |pages=1220–7 |date=September 2012 |pmid=23013073 |pmc=4030597 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1203055 |url=}}</ref>
+! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Lower airway obstruction
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-* [[Stridor]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Solid or cavitated [[Pulmonary nodule|pulmonary nodules]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Nodules]] which involves mucosal surface observed in [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="urlLaryngotracheobronchial papillomatosis: findings on computed tomography scans of the chest">{{cite web |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=s1806-37132008001200016&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en |title=Laryngotracheobronchial papillomatosis: findings on computed tomography scans of the chest |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Polypoidy|Polypoid lesions]] observed on [[bronchoscopy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Etiology: [[Human papillomavirus|HPV 6 and 11]]
-* [[Biopsy]] to determine the type of virus
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Tracheobronchomalacia'''<ref name="pmid16771908">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murgu SD, Colt HG |title=Tracheobronchomalacia and excessive dynamic airway collapse |journal=Respirology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=388–406 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16771908 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00862.x |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Stridor]]
-* Forced expiration
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specifc
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Low [[Lung volumes|expiratory]] flow in flow volume loop
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Airway compression from  other structures
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Airway collpse observed in images at the end of [[inspiration]] in dynamic [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="pmid11351189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aquino SL, Shepard JA, Ginns LC, Moore RH, Halpern E, Grillo HC, McLoud TC |title=Acquired tracheomalacia: detection by expiratory CT scan |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=394–9 |date= 2001 |pmid=11351189 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Airway collapse observed on [[bronchoscopy]]<ref name="pmid24960030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Majid A, Gaurav K, Sanchez JM, Berger RL, Folch E, Fernandez-Bussy S, Ernst A, Gangadharan SP |title=Evaluation of tracheobronchomalacia by dynamic flexible bronchoscopy. A pilot study |journal=Ann Am Thorac Soc |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=951–5 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24960030 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201312-435BC |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Sputum]] retention
-* [[Barking cough]]
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Tracheal stenosis'''<ref name="pmid15187010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ernst A, Feller-Kopman D, Becker HD, Mehta AC |title=Central airway obstruction |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=169 |issue=12 |pages=1278–97 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187010 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200210-1181SO |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11866017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, Beamis JF, Becker HD, Cavaliere S, Colt H, Diaz-Jimenez JP, Dumon JF, Edell E, Kovitz KL, Macha HN, Mehta AC, Marel M, Noppen M, Strausz J, Sutedja TG |title=ERS/ATS statement on interventional pulmonology. European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=356–73 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11866017 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12740291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ernst A, Silvestri GA, Johnstone D |title=Interventional pulmonary procedures: Guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians |journal=Chest |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=1693–717 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12740291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10649204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stephens KE, Wood DE |title=Bronchoscopic management of central airway obstruction |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=289–96 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10649204 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5223(00)70184-X |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Stridor]]
-* Monophonic expiratory
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Lung volumes|FV]] loop variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Narrowing of the [[trachea]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Extension of the narrowing observed in [[Computed tomography|CT]] or [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Narrowing of the [[trachea]] observed in [[bronchoscopy]]<ref name="pmid9720679">{{cite journal |vauthors=Altman KW, Wetmore RF, Mahboubi S |title=Comparison of endoscopy and radiographic fluoroscopy in the evaluation of pediatric congenital airway abnormalities |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=43–6 |date=June 1998 |pmid=9720679 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Long segment stenosis incompatible with survival<ref name="pmid16481247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiu PP, Rusan M, Williams WG, Caldarone CA, Kim PC |title=Long-term outcomes of clinically significant vascular rings associated with congenital tracheal stenosis |journal=J. Pediatr. Surg. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=335–41 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16481247 |doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.11.034 |url=}}</ref>
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Tracheal and bronchial tumors'''<ref name="pmid24295654">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brand-Saberi BE, Schäfer T |title=Trachea: anatomy and physiology |journal=Thorac Surg Clin |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24295654 |doi=10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.09.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25978628">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sherani K, Vakil A, Dodhia C, Fein A |title=Malignant tracheal tumors: a review of current diagnostic and management strategies |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=322–6 |date=July 2015 |pmid=25978628 |doi=10.1097/MCP.0000000000000181 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24034267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu CC, Shepard JA |title=Tracheal and airway neoplasms |journal=Semin Roentgenol |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=354–64 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24034267 |doi=10.1053/j.ro.2013.03.018 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* FV loop variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Narrowing of the [[trachea]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Foca lesions, [[Polypoid cervical growth|polypoid]], and narrowing observed in [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="pmid28066620" />
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Biopsy]] obtained by [[bronchoscopy]]<ref name="pmid28066620">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stevic R, Milenkovic B |title=Tracheobronchial tumors |journal=J Thorac Dis |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3401–3413 |date=November 2016 |pmid=28066620 |pmc=5179373 |doi=10.21037/jtd.2016.11.24 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]
-* Adenoid cystic carcinoma
-* [[Benign tumors]]
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Vascular ring or aneurysm'''<ref name="pmid25604054">{{cite journal |vauthors=Licari A, Manca E, Rispoli GA, Mannarino S, Pelizzo G, Marseglia GL |title=Congenital vascular rings: a clinical challenge for the pediatrician |journal=Pediatr. Pulmonol. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=511–24 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25604054 |doi=10.1002/ppul.23152 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17034866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shah RK, Mora BN, Bacha E, Sena LM, Buonomo C, Del Nido P, Rahbar R |title=The presentation and management of vascular rings: an otolaryngology perspective |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17034866 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.08.025 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16585275">{{cite journal |vauthors=Humphrey C, Duncan K, Fletcher S |title=Decade of experience with vascular rings at a single institution |journal=Pediatrics |volume=117 |issue=5 |pages=e903–8 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16585275 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-1674 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11515879">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woods RK, Sharp RJ, Holcomb GW, Snyder CL, Lofland GK, Ashcraft KW, Holder TM |title=Vascular anomalies and tracheoesophageal compression: a single institution's 25-year experience |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=434–8; discussion 438–9 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11515879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15942575">{{cite journal |vauthors=Backer CL, Mavroudis C, Rigsby CK, Holinger LD |title=Trends in vascular ring surgery |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=1339–47 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15942575 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.10.044 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15666159">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turner A, Gavel G, Coutts J |title=Vascular rings--presentation, investigation and outcome |journal=Eur. J. Pediatr. |volume=164 |issue=5 |pages=266–70 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15666159 |doi=10.1007/s00431-004-1607-6 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[D-dimer|D–dimer]],
-* Blood [[urea]],
-* Blood [[nitrogen]], and
-* [[CBC]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not required
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Aorta|Aortic knob]] enlarged
-* Displacement to the [[trachea]] <ref name="pmid11715324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller WT |title=Thoracic aortic aneurysms: plain film findings |journal=Semin Roentgenol |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=288–94 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11715324 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[ECG]] to rule out [[myocardial infarction]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] or [[Angiography|angiography MR]] to determine the aortic diameter or any change
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Usually [[asymptomatic]]
-* Chest or abdominal pain appears when other structures are compressed
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Diseases
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="7" + |Clinical manifestations
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Diagnosis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Other features
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Symptoms
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="2" + |Physical exam
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Labs
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Pulmonary function testing
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="3" + |Imaging
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cough
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Slurred speech
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cyanosis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Auscultation
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chest imaging
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="5" + |Lower airway obstruction
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Bronchiectasis'''<ref name="pmid16650970">{{cite journal |vauthors=King PT, Holdsworth SR, Freezer NJ, Villanueva E, Holmes PW |title=Characterisation of the onset and presenting clinical features of adult bronchiectasis |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2183–9 |date=December 2006 |pmid=16650970 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20627931">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT |title=British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis |journal=Thorax |volume=65 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=i1–58 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20627931 |doi=10.1136/thx.2010.136119 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Crackles]]
-* [[Shortness of breath]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Neutrophilia]]
-* Levels of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]], [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] and [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]]
-* [[Sputum culture]] for [[fungi]], [[bacteria]] and [[mycobacteria]]<ref name="pmid28889110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ, Aliberti S, Marshall SE, Loebinger MR, Murris M, Cantón R, Torres A, Dimakou K, De Soyza A, Hill AT, Haworth CS, Vendrell M, Ringshausen FC, Subotic D, Wilson R, Vilaró J, Stallberg B, Welte T, Rohde G, Blasi F, Elborn S, Almagro M, Timothy A, Ruddy T, Tonia T, Rigau D, Chalmers JD |title=European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages= |date=September 2017 |pmid=28889110 |doi=10.1183/13993003.00629-2017 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-** [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] < 70%
-** Normal [[FVC]]
-** Low levels of [[FEV1]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Linar [[atelectasis]]
-* Dilated [[airways]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tram lines or end–on ring shadows in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid26024063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Milliron B, Henry TS, Veeraraghavan S, Little BP |title=Bronchiectasis: Mechanisms and Imaging Clues of Associated Common and Uncommon Diseases |journal=Radiographics |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=1011–30 |date= 2015 |pmid=26024063 |doi=10.1148/rg.2015140214 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hemoptysis]]
-* Chest [[pleuritic pain]]
-* [[Clubbing]]
-|-
 | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Bronchiolitis'''<ref name="pmid11512084">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall CB, Long CE, Schnabel KC |title=Respiratory syncytial virus infections in previously healthy working adults |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=792–6 |date=September 2001 |pmid=11512084 |doi=10.1086/322657 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3706232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glezen WP, Taber LH, Frank AL, Kasel JA |title=Risk of primary infection and reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus |journal=Am. J. Dis. Child. |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=543–6 |date=June 1986 |pmid=3706232 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10885982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Falsey AR, Walsh EE |title=Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=371–84 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10885982 |pmc=88938 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16007526">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Shea MK, Ryan MA, Hawksworth AW, Alsip BJ, Gray GC |title=Symptomatic respiratory syncytial virus infection in previously healthy young adults living in a crowded military environment |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=311–7 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16007526 |doi=10.1086/431591 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7836643">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wald TG, Miller BA, Shult P, Drinka P, Langer L, Gravenstein S |title=Can respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A be distinguished clinically in institutionalized older persons? |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=170–4 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7836643 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
@@ Line 651: / Line 201: @@
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Etiology: [[Respiratory syncytial virus]]'', ''[[rhinovirus]]
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Carcinoid syndrome'''<ref name="pmid12140134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skuladottir H, Hirsch FR, Hansen HH, Olsen JH |title=Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: incidence and prognosis of histological subtypes. A population-based study in Denmark |journal=Lung Cancer |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=127–35 |date=August 2002 |pmid=12140134 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23486331">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moore W, Freiberg E, Bishawi M, Halbreiner MS, Matthews R, Baram D, Bilfinger TV |title=FDG-PET imaging in patients with pulmonary carcinoid tumor |journal=Clin Nucl Med |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=501–5 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23486331 |doi=10.1097/RLU.0b013e318279f0f5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11896225">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeung MY, Gasser B, Gangi A, Charneau D, Ducroq X, Kessler R, Quoix E, Roy C |title=Bronchial carcinoid tumors of the thorax: spectrum of radiologic findings |journal=Radiographics |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=351–65 |date=2002 |pmid=11896225 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.2.g02mr01351 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Shortness of breath]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Twenty four hour urine for [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–HIAA]]
-* Urinary excretion of [[serotonin]]
-* High levels of [[Chromogranin|chromogranin concentration]] <ref name="pmid27594907">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mota JM, Sousa LG, Riechelmann RP |title=Complications from carcinoid syndrome: review of the current evidence |journal=Ecancermedicalscience |volume=10 |issue= |pages=662 |date= 2016 |pmid=27594907 |pmc=4990058 |doi=10.3332/ecancer.2016.662 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Cardiomegaly|Enlargement of the heart]] <ref name="pmid275949073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mota JM, Sousa LG, Riechelmann RP |title=Complications from carcinoid syndrome: review of the current evidence |journal=Ecancermedicalscience |volume=10 |issue= |pages=662 |date= 2016 |pmid=27594907 |pmc=4990058 |doi=10.3332/ecancer.2016.662 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Carcinoid tumors of [[jejunum]], [[appendix]] and [[colon]] are oberved in abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-* Liver metastases are visualized in [[MRI]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Abdominal and pelvic [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="pmid27594907" />
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Flushing]]
-* [[Diarrhea]]
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Heart failure'''<ref name="pmid16365214">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, Klein L, Piña IL, Konstam MA, Massie BM, Roland E, Targum S, Collins SP, Filippatos G, Tavazzi L |title=Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=25 |pages=3958–68 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16365214 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590091 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17000631">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Follath F, Harjola VP, Hochadel M, Komajda M, Lassus J, Lopez-Sendon JL, Ponikowski P, Tavazzi L |title=EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=27 |issue=22 |pages=2725–36 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17000631 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl193 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Crackles]]
-* [[Leg edema]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]] and [[Serum creatinine|serum creatinin]] concentration to evaluate [[renal function]]
-* [[Liver function tests]]
-* Fasting [[lipid profile]]<ref name="pmid23741057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=128 |issue=16 |pages=1810–52 |date=October 2013 |pmid=23741057 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8807 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not required
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Pleural effusion]]
-* [[Pulmonary edema]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-** [[ST]] and [[T wave|T waves]] abnormalities in [[ECG]]
-** [[Oxygen saturation|SaO2]] < 90%<ref name="pmid20937981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weintraub NL, Collins SP, Pang PS, Levy PD, Anderson AS, Arslanian-Engoren C, Gibler WB, McCord JK, Parshall MB, Francis GS, Gheorghiade M |title=Acute heart failure syndromes: emergency department presentation, treatment, and disposition: current approaches and future aims: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=19 |pages=1975–96 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20937981 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181f9a223 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis (test are supportive)
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* High levels of [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]] and pro–BNP<ref name="pmid15477431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Doust JA, Glasziou PP, Pietrzak E, Dobson AJ |title=A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides for heart failure |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=164 |issue=18 |pages=1978–84 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15477431 |doi=10.1001/archinte.164.18.1978 |url=}}</ref>
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH)''' <ref name="pmid17099078">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies SJ, Gosney JR, Hansell DM, Wells AU, du Bois RM, Burke MM, Sheppard MN, Nicholson AG |title=Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: an under-recognised spectrum of disease |journal=Thorax |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=248–52 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17099078 |pmc=2117154 |doi=10.1136/thx.2006.063065 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Shortness of breath]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] < 70%
-* Normal [[FVC]]
-* Low levels of [[FEV1]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Pulmonary [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Mosaic pattern and [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] observed in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hyperplasia showed in  [[biopsy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Single [[neuroendocrine cell]] and/ or linear proliferation of the cells that involves bronchial epithelium
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Diseases
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="7" + |Clinical manifestations
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Diagnosis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Other features
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Symptoms
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="2" + |Physical exam
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Labs
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Pulmonary function testing
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="3" + |Imaging
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cough
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Slurred speech
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cyanosis
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Auscultation
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chest imaging
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="4" + |Lower airway obstruction
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema'''<ref name="pmid23588761">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanner C, Hardy SM |title=An unusual cause of unilateral pulmonary edema |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=158 |issue=8 |pages=639–40 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23588761 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-158-8-201304160-00020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1735767">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neerukonda SK, Petty TL |title=Unilateral pulmonary edema |journal=Hosp. Pract. (Off. Ed.) |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=85, 88–9, 92 passim |date=February 1992 |pmid=1735767 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid619405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Calenoff L, Kruglik GD, Woodruff A |title=Unilateral pulmonary edema |journal=Radiology |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |date=January 1978 |pmid=619405 |doi=10.1148/126.1.19 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Crackles]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hypoxemia]] in [[Arterial blood gas|arterial blood gases]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[PaO2]]/[[FiO2]] <300 mmHg
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Bilateral alveolar infiltration
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Bilateral opacities in [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-According to Berlin definition:<ref name="pmid22797452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E, Fan E, Camporota L, Slutsky AS |title=Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition |journal=JAMA |volume=307 |issue=23 |pages=2526–33 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22797452 |doi=10.1001/jama.2012.5669 |url=}}</ref>
-* One week of new or worse respiratory symptoms or clinical insult
-* Symptoms can not be explain by [[Heart|cardiac]] <nowiki/>disease
-* Bilateral opacities in [[Chest X-ray|chest X–Ray]] or [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-* Compromised [[oxygenation]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* High altitute pulmonary edema ([[HAPE]])
-* Neurogenic pulmonary edema
 |-
 | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Parasitic infection with VLM (eg, Ascaris, Strongyloides, filaria)'''<ref name="pmid9772920">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand E, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Lauque D, Durieu J, Tonnel AB, Cordier JF |title=Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. A clinical and follow-up study of 62 cases. The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies "Orphelines" Pulmonaires (GERM"O"P) |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=299–312 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9772920 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10966710">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johkoh T, Müller NL, Akira M, Ichikado K, Suga M, Ando M, Yoshinaga T, Kiyama T, Mihara N, Honda O, Tomiyama N, Nakamura H |title=Eosinophilic lung diseases: diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT in 111 patients |journal=Radiology |volume=216 |issue=3 |pages=773–80 |date=September 2000 |pmid=10966710 |doi=10.1148/radiology.216.3.r00se01773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2773727">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mayo JR, Müller NL, Road J, Sisler J, Lillington G |title=Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: CT findings in six cases |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=153 |issue=4 |pages=727–30 |date=October 1989 |pmid=2773727 |doi=10.2214/ajr.153.4.727 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8089322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ebara H, Ikezoe J, Johkoh T, Kohno N, Takeuchi N, Kozuka T, Ishida O |title=Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: evolution of chest radiograms and CT features |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=737–44 |date=1994 |pmid=8089322 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 806: / Line 227: @@
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Eosinophilia]] detected in [[bronchoalveolar lavage]]
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Pulmonary thromboembolism '''<ref name="pmid13811755">{{cite journal |vauthors=COON WW, WILLIS PW |title=Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: prediction, prevention and treatment |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=4 |issue= |pages=611–21 |date=November 1959 |pmid=13811755 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6073360">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soloff LA, Rodman T |title=Acute pulmonary embolism. II. Clinical |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=829–47 |date=December 1967 |pmid=6073360 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute, subacute, Chronic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Tachypnea]]
-* Decreased [[breath sounds]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
-* Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|erythrocyte sedimentation]]
-* High levels of [[lactic acid]] in [[complete blood count]]
-* [[Hypoxemia]] in [[arterial blood gas]]<ref name="pmid8549223">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stein PD, Goldhaber SZ, Henry JW, Miller AC |title=Arterial blood gas analysis in the assessment of suspected acute pulmonary embolism |journal=Chest |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=78–81 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8549223 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-* [[D-dimer|D–dimer]] to rule out other diseases
-* [[Troponin]] [[Troponin I|I]] or [[Troponin T|T]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not required
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hamptom and Westermark sign in [[Chest X-ray|chest X–Ray]] <ref name="pmid18716087">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pipavath SN, Godwin JD |title=Acute pulmonary thromboembolism: a historical perspective |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=191 |issue=3 |pages=639–41 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18716087 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3989 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram [[CT pulmonary angiogram|(CTPA)]] or catheter based [[pulmonary angiography]] <ref name="pmid17848685">{{cite journal |vauthors=Remy-Jardin M, Pistolesi M, Goodman LR, Gefter WB, Gottschalk A, Mayo JR, Sostman HD |title=Management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism in the era of CT angiography: a statement from the Fleischner Society |journal=Radiology |volume=245 |issue=2 |pages=315–29 |date=November 2007 |pmid=17848685 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2452070397 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram [[CT pulmonary angiogram|(CTPA)]] or catheter based [[pulmonary angiography]] <ref name="pmid17848685" />
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Most [[Embolic|emboli]] comes from [[iliac]], [[femoral]], and [[popliteal]] veins
-|-
-| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome'''<ref name="pmid5765629">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weill H, George R, Schwarz M, Ziskind M |title=Late evaluation of pulmonary function after acute exposure to chlorine gas |journal=Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=374–9 |date=March 1969 |pmid=5765629 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4028848">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooks SM, Weiss MA, Bernstein IL |title=Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). Persistent asthma syndrome after high level irritant exposures |journal=Chest |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=376–84 |date=September 1985 |pmid=4028848 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1952431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kern DG |title=Outbreak of the reactive airways dysfunction syndrome after a spill of glacial acetic acid |journal=Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=1058–64 |date=November 1991 |pmid=1952431 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm/144.5.1058 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20601629">{{cite journal |vauthors=White CW, Martin JG |title=Chlorine gas inhalation: human clinical evidence of toxicity and experience in animal models |journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=257–63 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20601629 |pmc=3136961 |doi=10.1513/pats.201001-008SM |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Tachypnea]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* No required
-* [[Complete blood count]] to rule out other diseases
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] < 70% <ref name="pmid4028848" />
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal or hyperinflation
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] to rule out other diseases
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical diagnosis:
-* History of exposure
-* Acute onset with sympotoms in 24h
-* Airway obstruction > 3 months<ref name="pmid4028848">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooks SM, Weiss MA, Bernstein IL |title=Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). Persistent asthma syndrome after high level irritant exposures |journal=Chest |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=376–84 |date=September 1985 |pmid=4028848 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Burning sensation in the throat
-* [[Chest pain]]
-* High dose of inhalation of the irritant
 |}

Wheeze and fever: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:34, 19 March 2018

Differential diagnosis of Wheeze and Fever

References

Navigation menu