Tuberculosis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Progression from TB infection to TB disease occurs when the TB bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply.

Risk Factors

In primary TB disease—1 to 5% of cases—this occurs soon after infection. However, in the majority of cases, a latent infection occurs that has no obvious symptoms. These dormant bacilli can produce tuberculosis in 2 to 23% of these latent cases, often many years after infection.[1] The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In patients co-infected with HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year.

The following people are at higher risk for active TB:

  • Or those taking medications, such as:


Your risk of contracting TB increases if you:

  • Are in frequent contact with people who have TB
  • Have poor nutrition
  • Live in crowded place or with poor hygiene

The following factors may increase the rate of TB infection in a population:

  • Chest X-ray with evidence of previous TB disease
  • Increase in HIV infections
  • Increase in number of homeless people
  • The appearance of drug-resistant strains of TB

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

Drug resistance is more common in people who:[3]

  • Do not take their TB medicine regularly
  • Do not take all of their TB medicine as told by their doctor or nurse
  • Develop TB disease again, after having taken TB medicine in the past
  • Come from areas of the world where drug-resistant TB is common
  • Have spent time with someone known to have drug-resistant TB disease

References

  1. Parrish N, Dick J, Bishai W (1998). "Mechanisms of latency in Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Trends Microbiol. 6 (3): 107–12. PMID 9582936.
  2. Mutlu G, Mutlu E, Bellmeyer A, Rubinstein I (2006). "Pulmonary adverse events of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody therapy". Am J Med. 119 (8): 639–46. PMID 16887405.
  3. "Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis".

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