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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<big>Class</big>''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<big>Class</big>''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<big>Disease</big>''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<big>Disease</big>''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<big>Symptoms</big>''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<big>Symptoms</big>''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<big>Mediastinal syndrome</big>''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<big>Mediastinal syndrome</big>''' | ||
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<big>Etiology</big> | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |<big>Etiology</big> | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<big>Gold standard</big>''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''<big>Gold standard</big>''' | ||
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! colspan=" | ! colspan="10" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Anterior mediastinal mass | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |'''Tumors''' | | rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |'''Tumors''' | ||
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* [[Anemia]] | * [[Anemia]] | ||
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* [[Human foamy virus]] | * [[Human foamy virus]] | ||
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* Mostly asymptomatic | * Mostly asymptomatic | ||
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* Steroid use | * Steroid use | ||
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* [[Seizures]] | * [[Seizures]] | ||
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* Age (above 60 years) | * Age (above 60 years) | ||
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* [[Trichoptysis]] | * [[Trichoptysis]] | ||
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* Benign equal in men and women | * Benign equal in men and women | ||
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* [[Neck pain]] | * [[Neck pain]] | ||
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* Hx of [[goiter]] | * Hx of [[goiter]] | ||
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* [[Fatigue]] | * [[Fatigue]] | ||
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* [[Iodine]] deficiency | * [[Iodine]] deficiency | ||
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Sign/Symptoms''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Sign/Symptoms''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Mediastinal syndrome | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Mediastinal syndrome | ||
! | |||
! | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Causes/Risk factors''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Causes/Risk factors''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="10" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Middle mediastinal mass | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |'''CVS disease''' | | rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |'''CVS disease''' | ||
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* [[Acute myocardial infarction]] | * [[Acute myocardial infarction]] | ||
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Sign/Symptoms''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Sign/Symptoms''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Mediastinal syndrome''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Mediastinal syndrome''' | ||
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Causes/Risk factors''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Causes/Risk factors''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard''' | ||
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! colspan=" | ! colspan="10" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Posterior mediastinal mass | ||
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| rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |CNS disease | | rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |CNS disease | ||
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Revision as of 18:40, 6 February 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Trusha Tank, M.D.[3]
Overview
Differential diagnosis of mediastinal mass
Wide variety of medical conditions can present as a mediastinal mass on radiological imaging.
- Mediastinal mass may cause obstruction, entrapment or infiltration of other mediastinal organs such as: Trachea, bronchi, esophagus, aorta, superior vena cava (SVC) or heart.[1]
- Disorder caused by any kind of mediastinal mass is collectively known as: Mediastinal syndromes
- Mediastinal syndrome includes:
- Compression of the trachea: Dyspnea and respiratory insufficiency.
- Compression of the esophagus: Dysphagia.
- Compression of SVC causes superior vena cava syndrome: Vein distention, edema of the face or upper extremities and a positive Pemberton's sign.
- Superior vena cava syndrome is the most severe complication of mediastinal syndrome and a medical emergency.
Class | Disease | Symptoms | Mediastinal syndrome | Etiology | Gold standard | Image | Additional findings | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anterior mediastinal mass | |||||||||
Tumors | Thymoma |
|
|
Biopsy:
|
Associated condition
| ||||
Fatty mass |
|
|
MRI:
|
Fatty mass can be:
| |||||
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
|
(HIV, Hep C, HTLV-1, EBV, HHV-8, H. pylori, psittacosis, Campylobacter jejuni)
(pesticides, methotrexate, TNF inhibitors, trichloroethylene)
|
Excisional lymph node biopsy with immunohistochemical study
|
| |||||
Teratoma | Benign
Malignant |
|
Chest CT scan:
|
N/A | |||||
Thyroid disease | Thyroid cancer[2] |
|
|
US guided biopsy: | TFT
| ||||
Goiter |
|
Radioactive iodine scan:
|
Hyperavtive gland (hyperthyroid):
Hypoactive gland (hypothyroid):
Normal functioning gland (euthyroid):
| ||||||
Class | Disease | Sign/Symptoms | Mediastinal syndrome | Causes/Risk factors | Gold standard | Image | Additional findings | ||
Middle mediastinal mass | |||||||||
CVS disease | Pericardial effusion |
|
|
||||||
Aortic dissection[2] | |||||||||
Superior vena cava obstruction[2] | |||||||||
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection[2] | |||||||||
GI disease | Esophageal achalasia | ||||||||
Esophageal cancer | |||||||||
Esophageal rupture | |||||||||
Hiatus hernia | |||||||||
Pulmonary disease | Hilar lymphadenopathy | ||||||||
Pneumomediastinum | |||||||||
Sarcoidosis | |||||||||
Mediastinal tumor | Mediastinal tumor | ||||||||
Mediastinal germ cell tumor | |||||||||
Infection | Mediastinitis | ||||||||
Anthrax | |||||||||
Tularemia | |||||||||
Cystic disease | Dermoid cyst | ||||||||
Bronchogenic cyst | |||||||||
Chronic
inflammatory |
Churg-Strauss syndrome | ||||||||
Class | Disease | Sign/Symptoms | Mediastinal syndrome | Causes/Risk factors | Gold standard | Image | Additional findings | ||
Posterior mediastinal mass | |||||||||
CNS disease | Meningocele[2] | ||||||||
Neurilemmoma[2] |
- Superior vena cava obstruction
- Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection
- Esophageal achalasia
- Esophageal cancer
- Esophageal rupture
- Hiatus hernia
- Hilar lymphadenopathy
- Pneumomediastinum
- Sarcoidosis
- Lymphoma
- Neurilemmoma
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Teratoma
- Thymoma
References
- ↑ Zardi EM, Pipita ME, Afeltra A (October 2016). "Mediastinal syndrome: A report of three cases". Exp Ther Med. 12 (4): 2237–2240. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3596. PMC 5038184. PMID 27698718.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L (February 2013). "A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses". Insights Imaging. 4 (1): 29–52. doi:10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0. PMID 23225215.
- ↑ Molinari F, Bankier AA, Eisenberg RL (November 2011). "Fat-containing lesions in adult thoracic imaging". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197 (5): W795–813. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.6932. PMID 22021525.
- ↑ Sandlund JT (2015). "Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children". Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 10 (3): 237–43. doi:10.1007/s11899-015-0277-y. PMID 26174528.
- ↑ Armitage JO, Gascoyne RD, Lunning MA, Cavalli F (2017). "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma". Lancet. 390 (10091): 298–310. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32407-2. PMID 28153383.
- ↑ Yalagachin GH (June 2013). "Anterior mediastinal teratoma- a case report with review of literature". Indian J Surg. 75 (Suppl 1): 182–4. doi:10.1007/s12262-012-0569-6. PMID 24426558.
- ↑ No TH, Seol SH, Seo GW, Kim DI, Yang SY, Jeong CH, Hwang YH, Kim JY (September 2015). "Benign Mature Teratoma in Anterior Mediastinum". J Clin Med Res. 7 (9): 726–8. doi:10.14740/jocmr2270w. PMC 4522994. PMID 26251691.
- ↑ "Benign thyroid enlargement (non-toxic multinodular goiter): Overview".
- ↑ Vanneman MW, Fikry K, Quraishi SA, Schoenfeld W (August 2015). "A Young Man with a Mediastinal Mass and Sudden Cardiac Arrest". Ann Am Thorac Soc. 12 (8): 1235–9. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201504-212CC. PMID 26317273.