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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
'''Protein SCO1 homolog, mitochondrial''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''SCO1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9878253">{{cite journal | vauthors = Petruzzella V, Tiranti V, Fernandez P, Ianna P, Carrozzo R, Zeviani M | title = Identification and characterization of human cDNAs specific to BCS1, PET112, SCO1, COX15, and COX11, five genes involved in the formation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain | journal = Genomics | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 494–504 | date = Dec 1998 | pmid = 9878253 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1006/geno.1998.5580 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SCO1 SCO cytochrome oxidase deficient homolog 1 (yeast)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6341| accessdate = }}</ref>
'''Protein SCO1 homolog, mitochondrial,''' also known as '''SCO1, cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein,''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''SCO1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9878253">{{cite journal | vauthors = Petruzzella V, Tiranti V, Fernandez P, Ianna P, Carrozzo R, Zeviani M | title = Identification and characterization of human cDNAs specific to BCS1, PET112, SCO1, COX15, and COX11, five genes involved in the formation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain | journal = Genomics | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 494–504 | date = December 1998 | pmid = 9878253 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1006/geno.1998.5580 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SCO1 SCO cytochrome oxidase deficient homolog 1 (yeast)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6341| access-date = }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> SCO1 localizes predominantly to [[Blood vessel|blood vessels]], whereas [[SCO2]] is barely detectable, as well as to tissues with high levels of [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. Expression of SCO2 is also much higher than that of SCO1 in [[muscle]] tissue, while SCO1 is expressed at higher levels in [[liver]] tissue than SCO2. [[Mutation|Mutations]] in both ''SCO1'' and ''[[SCO2]]'' are associated with distinct clinical phenotypes as well as tissue-specific [[cytochrome c oxidase]] (complex IV) deficiency. <ref name="pmid20864674">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brosel S, Yang H, Tanji K, Bonilla E, Schon EA | title = Unexpected vascular enrichment of SCO1 over SCO2 in mammalian tissues: implications for human mitochondrial disease | journal = The American Journal of Pathology | volume = 177 | issue = 5 | pages = 2541–8 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20864674 | pmc = 2966810 | doi = 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100229 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors =  | title = UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 45 | issue = D1 | pages = D158-D169 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27899622 | pmc = 5210571 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkw1099 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O75880|title=SCO1 - Protein SCO1 homolog, mitochondrial precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - SCO1 gene & protein|website=www.uniprot.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-08}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4}}</ref>
Mutations in both SCO1 and [[SCO2]] are associated with distinct clinical phenotypes as well as tissue-specific [[cytochrome c oxidase]] deficiency. SCO1 localizes predominantly to blood vessels, whereas SCO2 is barely detectable. Expression of SCO2 is also much higher than that of SCO1 in [[muscle]] tissue, while SCO1 is expressed at higher levels in [[liver]] tissue than SCO2.<ref name="pmid20864674">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brosel S, Yang H, Tanji K, Bonilla E, Schon EA | title = Unexpected vascular enrichment of SCO1 over SCO2 in mammalian tissues: implications for human mitochondrial disease | journal = The American Journal of Pathology | volume = 177 | issue = 5 | pages = 2541–8 | date = Nov 2010 | pmid = 20864674 | pmc = 2966810 | doi = 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100229 }}</ref>
 
== Structure ==
''SCO1'' is located on the [[Locus (genetics)|p arm]] of [[chromosome 17]] in position 13.1 and has 6 [[Exon|exons]].<ref name="entrez" /> The ''SCO1'' gene produces a 33.8 kDa protein composed of 301 [[Amino acid|amino acids]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amino.heartproteome.org/web/protein/O75880|title=Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) —— Protein Information|last=Yao|first=Daniel|website=amino.heartproteome.org|access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P | display-authors = 6 | title = Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–53 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23965338 | pmc = 4076475 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151 }}</ref> The protein is a member of the SCO1/2 family. It contains 3 [[Copper|copper metal]] binding sites at positions 169, 173, and 260, a [[Signal peptide|transit peptide]], a 25 amino acid topological domain from positions 68-92, a 19 amino acid helical [[transmembrane domain]] from positions 93-111, and a 190 amino acid topological domain from positions 112-301 in the [[Mitochondrial intermembrane space|mitochondrial intermembrane]]. Additionally, SCO1 has been predicted to contain 10 [[Beta sheet|beta strands]], 7 [[Alpha helix|helixes]], and 2 turns and is a single-pass membrane protein.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


== Function ==
== Function ==


Mammalian [[cytochrome c oxidase]] (COX) catalyzes the transfer of reducing equivalents from [[cytochrome c]] to molecular oxygen and pumps protons across the [[inner mitochondrial membrane]]. In yeast, 2 related COX assembly genes, SCO1 and SCO2 (synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase), enable subunits 1 and 2 to be incorporated into the holoprotein. This gene is the human homolog to the yeast SCO1 gene.<ref name="entrez" />
Mammalian [[cytochrome c oxidase]] (COX) catalyzes the transfer of reducing equivalents from [[cytochrome c]] to molecular [[oxygen]] and pumps [[Proton|protons]] across the [[inner mitochondrial membrane]]. In [[yeast]], 2 related COX assembly genes, SCO1 and [[SCO2]] (synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase), enable subunits 1 and 2 to be incorporated into the [[holoprotein]]. This gene is the human [[Homology (biology)|homolog]] to the yeast SCO1 gene.<ref name="entrez" /> It is predominantly expressed in [[muscle]], [[heart]], and [[brain]] tissues, which are also known for their high rates of [[oxidative phosphorylation]].<ref name="pmid9878253" /> SCO1 is a copper [[metallochaperone]] that is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is important for the maturation and stabilization of [[cytochrome c oxidase subunit II]] (MT-CO2/COX2). It plays a role in the regulation of copper [[homeostasis]] by controlling the localization and abundance of CTR1 and is responsible for the transportation of copper to the Cu(A) site on MT-CO2/COX2.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leary SC, Kaufman BA, Pellecchia G, Guercin GH, Mattman A, Jaksch M, Shoubridge EA | title = Human SCO1 and SCO2 have independent, cooperative functions in copper delivery to cytochrome c oxidase | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 17 | pages = 1839–48 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15229189 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddh197 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="pmid17189203" />


== Clinical relevance ==
== Clinical relevance ==


Mutation in the SCO1 gene are a cause of mitochondrial complex IV deficiency also known as cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. This disorder affects the mitochondrial respiratory chain resulting in a variety of symptoms, ranging from isolated [[myopathy]] to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. A subset of patients also suffer from [[Leigh's disease|Leigh syndrome]].<ref name="pmid17189203">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leary SC, Cobine PA, Kaufman BA, Guercin GH, Mattman A, Palaty J, Lockitch G, Winge DR, Rustin P, Horvath R, Shoubridge EA | title = The human cytochrome c oxidase assembly factors SCO1 and SCO2 have regulatory roles in the maintenance of cellular copper homeostasis | journal = Cell Metabolism | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–20 | date = Jan 2007 | pmid = 17189203 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.12.001 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11013136">{{cite journal | vauthors = Valnot I, Osmond S, Gigarel N, Mehaye B, Amiel J, Cormier-Daire V, Munnich A, Bonnefont JP, Rustin P, Rötig A | title = Mutations of the SCO1 gene in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase deficiency with neonatal-onset hepatic failure and encephalopathy | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 1104–9 | date = Nov 2000 | pmid = 11013136 | pmc = 1288552 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62940-1 }}</ref>
Mutations in the ''SCO1'' gene are associated with [[hepatic failure]] and [[encephalopathy]] resulting from [[mitochondrial complex IV deficiency]] also known as cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. This is a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, ranging from isolated [[myopathy]] to severe [[multisystem disease]] affecting several tissues and organs. Features include [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[hepatomegaly]] and [[Liver disease|liver dysfunction]], [[hypotonia]], [[muscle weakness]], [[exercise intolerance]], [[developmental delay]], [[delayed motor development]], [[Intellectual disability|mental retardation]], and [[lactic acidosis]]. Some affected individuals manifest a fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resulting in neonatal death. A subset of patients also suffer from [[Leigh's disease|Leigh syndrome]].<ref name="pmid17189203">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leary SC, Cobine PA, Kaufman BA, Guercin GH, Mattman A, Palaty J, Lockitch G, Winge DR, Rustin P, Horvath R, Shoubridge EA | title = The human cytochrome c oxidase assembly factors SCO1 and SCO2 have regulatory roles in the maintenance of cellular copper homeostasis | journal = Cell Metabolism | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–20 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17189203 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.12.001 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11013136">{{cite journal | vauthors = Valnot I, Osmond S, Gigarel N, Mehaye B, Amiel J, Cormier-Daire V, Munnich A, Bonnefont JP, Rustin P, Rötig A | title = Mutations of the SCO1 gene in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase deficiency with neonatal-onset hepatic failure and encephalopathy | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 1104–9 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11013136 | pmc = 1288552 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62940-1 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Specifically, cases of pathogenic ''SCO1'' mutations have resulted in fatal infantile encephalopathy, neonatal-onset hepatic failure, and severe hepatopathy. The P174L and M294V mutations have been identified and implicated in these diseases and [[Phenotype|phenotypes]].<ref name="pmid11013136" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Banci L, Bertini I, Ciofi-Baffoni S, Leontari I, Martinelli M, Palumaa P, Sillard R, Wang S | title = Human Sco1 functional studies and pathological implications of the P174L mutant | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–20 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17182746 | pmc = 1765425 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0606189103 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leary SC, Antonicka H, Sasarman F, Weraarpachai W, Cobine PA, Pan M, Brown GK, Brown R, Majewski J, Ha KC, Rahman S, Shoubridge EA | title = Novel mutations in SCO1 as a cause of fatal infantile encephalopathy and lactic acidosis | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 34 | issue = 10 | pages = 1366–70 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23878101 | doi = 10.1002/humu.22385 }}</ref> It has also been suggested that mutations in SCO1, as well as SCO2, can result in a cellular [[copper deficiency]], which can occur separately from [[cytochrome c oxidase]] assembly defects.<ref name="pmid17189203" />
 
== Model organisms ==


==Model organisms==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="2" style="float: right;" |
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="2" style="float: right;" |
|+ ''Sco1'' knockout mouse phenotype
|+ ''Sco1'' knockout mouse phenotype
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| colspan=2; style="text-align: center;" | All tests and analysis from<ref name="mgp_reference">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x | title = The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice | year = 2010 | last1 = Gerdin | first1 = AK | journal = Acta Ophthalmologica | volume = 88 | pages =  925–7 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk/mouseportal/ Mouse Resources Portal], Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.</ref>
| colspan=2; style="text-align: center;" | All tests and analysis from<ref name="mgp_reference">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x | title = The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice | year = 2010 | last1 = Gerdin | first1 = AK | journal = Acta Ophthalmologica | volume = 88 | pages =  925–7 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk/mouseportal/ Mouse Resources Portal], Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.</ref>
|}
|}
[[Model organism]]s have been used in the study of SCO1 function. A conditional [[knockout mouse]] line, called ''Sco1<sup>tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi</sup>''<ref name="allele_ref">{{cite web |url=http://www.knockoutmouse.org/martsearch/search?query=Sco1 |title=International Knockout Mouse Consortium}}</ref><ref name="mgi_allele_ref">{{cite web |url=http://www.informatics.jax.org/searchtool/Search.do?query=MGI:4363778 |title=Mouse Genome Informatics}}</ref> was generated as part of the [[International Knockout Mouse Consortium]] program—a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease.<ref name="pmid21677750">{{cite journal | vauthors = Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A | title = A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function | journal = Nature | volume = 474 | issue = 7351 | pages = 337–42 | date = Jun 2011 | pmid = 21677750 | pmc = 3572410 | doi = 10.1038/nature10163 }}</ref><ref name="mouse_library">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dolgin E | title = Mouse library set to be knockout | journal = Nature | volume = 474 | issue = 7351 | pages = 262–3 | date = Jun 2011 | pmid = 21677718 | doi = 10.1038/474262a }}</ref><ref name="mouse_for_all_reasons">{{cite journal | vauthors = Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W | title = A mouse for all reasons | journal = Cell | volume = 128 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–13 | date = Jan 2007 | pmid = 17218247 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018 }}</ref>
[[Model organism]]s have been used in the study of SCO1 function. A conditional [[knockout mouse]] line, called ''Sco1<sup>tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi</sup>''<ref name="allele_ref">{{cite web |url=http://www.knockoutmouse.org/martsearch/search?query=Sco1 |title=International Knockout Mouse Consortium}}</ref><ref name="mgi_allele_ref">{{cite web |url=http://www.informatics.jax.org/searchtool/Search.do?query=MGI:4363778 |title=Mouse Genome Informatics}}</ref> was generated as part of the [[International Knockout Mouse Consortium]] program—a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease.<ref name="pmid21677750">{{cite journal | vauthors = Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A | display-authors = 6 | title = A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function | journal = Nature | volume = 474 | issue = 7351 | pages = 337–42 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21677750 | pmc = 3572410 | doi = 10.1038/nature10163 }}</ref><ref name="mouse_library">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dolgin E | title = Mouse library set to be knockout | journal = Nature | volume = 474 | issue = 7351 | pages = 262–3 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21677718 | doi = 10.1038/474262a }}</ref><ref name="mouse_for_all_reasons">{{cite journal | vauthors = Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W | title = A mouse for all reasons | journal = Cell | volume = 128 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–13 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17218247 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018 }}</ref>
 
Male and female animals underwent a standardized [[phenotypic screen]] to determine the effects of deletion.<ref name="mgp_reference" /><ref name="pmid21722353">{{cite journal | vauthors = van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW | title = The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 224 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21722353 | pmc = 3218837 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224 }}</ref> Twenty two tests were carried out on [[mutant]] mice and two significant abnormalities were observed.<ref name="mgp_reference" />  No [[homozygous]] [[mutant]] embryos were identified during gestation, and therefore none survived until [[weaning]]. The remaining tests were carried out on [[heterozygous]] mutant adult mice; no additional significant abnormalities were observed in these animals.<ref name="mgp_reference" />
 
== Interactions ==
SCO1 has been shown to have 127 binary [[Protein–protein interaction|protein-protein interactions]] including 120 co-complex interactions. SCO1 interacts with COA6, TMEM177, COX20, COX16, [[COX17]], WDR19, [[CIDEB]], and UBC7. It is also found in a complex with TMEM177, COX20, COA6, [[Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II|MT-CO2/COX2]], [[COX18, cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor|COX18]] and [[SCO2]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lorenzi I, Oeljeklaus S, Aich A, Ronsör C, Callegari S, Dudek J, Warscheid B, Dennerlein S, Rehling P | title = The mitochondrial TMEM177 associates with COX20 during COX2 biogenesis | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1865 | issue = 2 | pages = 323–333 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29154948 | pmc = 5764226 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.11.010 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interactions?conversationContext=3&query=SCO1 | title = 127 binary interactions found for search term SCO1 | work = IntAct Molecular Interaction Database | publisher = EMBL-EBI | access-date = 2018-08-25 }}</ref>


Male and female animals underwent a standardized [[phenotypic screen]] to determine the effects of deletion.<ref name="mgp_reference" /><ref name="pmid21722353">{{cite journal | vauthors = van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW | title = The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 224 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21722353 | pmc = 3218837 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224 }}</ref> Twenty two tests were carried out on [[mutant]] mice and two significant abnormalities were observed.<ref name="mgp_reference" />  No [[homozygous]] [[mutant]] embryos were identified during gestation, and therefore none survived until [[weaning]]. The remaining tests were carried out on [[heterozygous]] mutant adult mice; no additional significant abnormalities were observed in these animals.<ref name="mgp_reference" />


== References ==
== References ==
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{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shoubridge EA | title = Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 106 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–52 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11579424 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.1378 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shoubridge EA | title = Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 106 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–52 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11579424 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.1378 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schulze M, Rödel G | title = Accumulation of the cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II in yeast requires a mitochondrial membrane-associated protein, encoded by the nuclear SCO1 gene | journal = Molecular & General Genetics | volume = 216 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–43 | date = Mar 1989 | pmid = 2543907 | doi = 10.1007/BF00332228 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schulze M, Rödel G | title = Accumulation of the cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II in yeast requires a mitochondrial membrane-associated protein, encoded by the nuclear SCO1 gene | journal = Molecular & General Genetics | volume = 216 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–43 | date = March 1989 | pmid = 2543907 | doi = 10.1007/BF00332228 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schulze M, Rödel G | title = SCO1, a yeast nuclear gene essential for accumulation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II | journal = Molecular & General Genetics | volume = 211 | issue = 3 | pages = 492–8 | date = Mar 1988 | pmid = 2835635 | doi = 10.1007/BF00425706 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schulze M, Rödel G | title = SCO1, a yeast nuclear gene essential for accumulation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II | journal = Molecular & General Genetics | volume = 211 | issue = 3 | pages = 492–8 | date = March 1988 | pmid = 2835635 | doi = 10.1007/BF00425706 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA | title = A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction | journal = Analytical Biochemistry | volume = 236 | issue = 1 | pages = 107–13 | date = Apr 1996 | pmid = 8619474 | doi = 10.1006/abio.1996.0138 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA | title = A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction | journal = Analytical Biochemistry | volume = 236 | issue = 1 | pages = 107–13 | date = April 1996 | pmid = 8619474 | doi = 10.1006/abio.1996.0138 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, Ricafrente JY, Wentland MA, Lennon G, Gibbs RA | title = Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing | journal = Genome Research | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 353–8 | date = Apr 1997 | pmid = 9110174 | pmc = 139146 | doi = 10.1101/gr.7.4.353 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, Ricafrente JY, Wentland MA, Lennon G, Gibbs RA | title = Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing | journal = Genome Research | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 353–8 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9110174 | pmc = 139146 | doi = 10.1101/gr.7.4.353 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Paret C, Ostermann K, Krause-Buchholz U, Rentzsch A, Rödel G | title = Human members of the SCO1 gene family: complementation analysis in yeast and intracellular localization | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 447 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–70 | date = Mar 1999 | pmid = 10218584 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00266-5 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Paret C, Ostermann K, Krause-Buchholz U, Rentzsch A, Rödel G | title = Human members of the SCO1 gene family: complementation analysis in yeast and intracellular localization | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 447 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–70 | date = March 1999 | pmid = 10218584 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00266-5 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Papadopoulou LC, Sue CM, Davidson MM, Tanji K, Nishino I, Sadlock JE, Krishna S, Walker W, Selby J, Glerum DM, Coster RV, Lyon G, Scalais E, Lebel R, Kaplan P, Shanske S, De Vivo DC, Bonilla E, Hirano M, DiMauro S, Schon EA | title = Fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy with COX deficiency and mutations in SCO2, a COX assembly gene | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–7 | date = Nov 1999 | pmid = 10545952 | doi = 10.1038/15513 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Papadopoulou LC, Sue CM, Davidson MM, Tanji K, Nishino I, Sadlock JE, Krishna S, Walker W, Selby J, Glerum DM, Coster RV, Lyon G, Scalais E, Lebel R, Kaplan P, Shanske S, De Vivo DC, Bonilla E, Hirano M, DiMauro S, Schon EA | title = Fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy with COX deficiency and mutations in SCO2, a COX assembly gene | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–7 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 10545952 | doi = 10.1038/15513 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horvath R, Lochmüller H, Stucka R, Yao J, Shoubridge EA, Kim SH, Gerbitz KD, Jaksch M | title = Characterization of human SCO1 and COX17 genes in mitochondrial cytochrome-c-oxidase deficiency | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 276 | issue = 2 | pages = 530–3 | date = Sep 2000 | pmid = 11027508 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3495 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horvath R, Lochmüller H, Stucka R, Yao J, Shoubridge EA, Kim SH, Gerbitz KD, Jaksch M | title = Characterization of human SCO1 and COX17 genes in mitochondrial cytochrome-c-oxidase deficiency | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 276 | issue = 2 | pages = 530–3 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 11027508 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3495 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Leary SC, Kaufman BA, Pellecchia G, Guercin GH, Mattman A, Jaksch M, Shoubridge EA | title = Human SCO1 and SCO2 have independent, cooperative functions in copper delivery to cytochrome c oxidase | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 17 | pages = 1839–48 | date = Sep 2004 | pmid = 15229189 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddh197 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Williams JC, Sue C, Banting GS, Yang H, Glerum DM, Hendrickson WA, Schon EA | title = Crystal structure of human SCO1: implications for redox signaling by a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase "assembly" protein | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 280 | issue = 15 | pages = 15202–11 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15659396 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M410705200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Williams JC, Sue C, Banting GS, Yang H, Glerum DM, Hendrickson WA, Schon EA | title = Crystal structure of human SCO1: implications for redox signaling by a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase "assembly" protein | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 280 | issue = 15 | pages = 15202–11 | date = Apr 2005 | pmid = 15659396 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M410705200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horng YC, Leary SC, Cobine PA, Young FB, George GN, Shoubridge EA, Winge DR | title = Human Sco1 and Sco2 function as copper-binding proteins | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 280 | issue = 40 | pages = 34113–22 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16091356 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M506801200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horng YC, Leary SC, Cobine PA, Young FB, George GN, Shoubridge EA, Winge DR | title = Human Sco1 and Sco2 function as copper-binding proteins | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 280 | issue = 40 | pages = 34113–22 | date = Oct 2005 | pmid = 16091356 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M506801200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cobine PA, Pierrel F, Leary SC, Sasarman F, Horng YC, Shoubridge EA, Winge DR | title = The P174L mutation in human Sco1 severely compromises Cox17-dependent metallation but does not impair copper binding | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 281 | issue = 18 | pages = 12270–6 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16520371 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M600496200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cobine PA, Pierrel F, Leary SC, Sasarman F, Horng YC, Shoubridge EA, Winge DR | title = The P174L mutation in human Sco1 severely compromises Cox17-dependent metalation but does not impair copper binding | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 281 | issue = 18 | pages = 12270–6 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16520371 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M600496200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Banci L, Bertini I, Calderone V, Ciofi-Baffoni S, Mangani S, Martinelli M, Palumaa P, Wang S | title = A hint for the function of human Sco1 from different structures | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 103 | issue = 23 | pages = 8595–600 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16735468 | pmc = 1482625 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0601375103 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Banci L, Bertini I, Calderone V, Ciofi-Baffoni S, Mangani S, Martinelli M, Palumaa P, Wang S | title = A hint for the function of human Sco1 from different structures | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 103 | issue = 23 | pages = 8595–600 | date = Jun 2006 | pmid = 16735468 | pmc = 1482625 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0601375103 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Leary SC, Sasarman F, Nishimura T, Shoubridge EA | title = Human SCO2 is required for the synthesis of CO II and as a thiol-disulphide oxidoreductase for SCO1 | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = 2230–40 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19336478 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddp158 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Leary SC, Sasarman F, Nishimura T, Shoubridge EA | title = Human SCO2 is required for the synthesis of CO II and as a thiol-disulphide oxidoreductase for SCO1 | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = 2230–40 | date = Jun 2009 | pmid = 19336478 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddp158 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Stiburek L, Vesela K, Hansikova H, Hulkova H, Zeman J | title = Loss of function of Sco1 and its interaction with cytochrome c oxidase | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 296 | issue = 5 | pages = C1218-26 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19295170 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00564.2008 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Stiburek L, Vesela K, Hansikova H, Hulkova H, Zeman J | title = Loss of function of Sco1 and its interaction with cytochrome c oxidase | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 296 | issue = 5 | pages = C1218-26 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19295170 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00564.2008 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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[[Category:Genes mutated in mice]]
[[Category:Genes mutated in mice]]

Latest revision as of 07:33, 25 August 2018

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Protein SCO1 homolog, mitochondrial, also known as SCO1, cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCO1 gene.[1][2] SCO1 localizes predominantly to blood vessels, whereas SCO2 is barely detectable, as well as to tissues with high levels of oxidative phosphorylation. Expression of SCO2 is also much higher than that of SCO1 in muscle tissue, while SCO1 is expressed at higher levels in liver tissue than SCO2. Mutations in both SCO1 and SCO2 are associated with distinct clinical phenotypes as well as tissue-specific cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) deficiency. [3][4][5]

Structure

SCO1 is located on the p arm of chromosome 17 in position 13.1 and has 6 exons.[2] The SCO1 gene produces a 33.8 kDa protein composed of 301 amino acids.[6][7] The protein is a member of the SCO1/2 family. It contains 3 copper metal binding sites at positions 169, 173, and 260, a transit peptide, a 25 amino acid topological domain from positions 68-92, a 19 amino acid helical transmembrane domain from positions 93-111, and a 190 amino acid topological domain from positions 112-301 in the mitochondrial intermembrane. Additionally, SCO1 has been predicted to contain 10 beta strands, 7 helixes, and 2 turns and is a single-pass membrane protein.[4][5]

Function

Mammalian cytochrome c oxidase (COX) catalyzes the transfer of reducing equivalents from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen and pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. In yeast, 2 related COX assembly genes, SCO1 and SCO2 (synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase), enable subunits 1 and 2 to be incorporated into the holoprotein. This gene is the human homolog to the yeast SCO1 gene.[2] It is predominantly expressed in muscle, heart, and brain tissues, which are also known for their high rates of oxidative phosphorylation.[1] SCO1 is a copper metallochaperone that is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is important for the maturation and stabilization of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2/COX2). It plays a role in the regulation of copper homeostasis by controlling the localization and abundance of CTR1 and is responsible for the transportation of copper to the Cu(A) site on MT-CO2/COX2.[8][4][5][9]

Clinical relevance

Mutations in the SCO1 gene are associated with hepatic failure and encephalopathy resulting from mitochondrial complex IV deficiency also known as cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. This is a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Features include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development, mental retardation, and lactic acidosis. Some affected individuals manifest a fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resulting in neonatal death. A subset of patients also suffer from Leigh syndrome.[9][10][4][5] Specifically, cases of pathogenic SCO1 mutations have resulted in fatal infantile encephalopathy, neonatal-onset hepatic failure, and severe hepatopathy. The P174L and M294V mutations have been identified and implicated in these diseases and phenotypes.[10][11][12] It has also been suggested that mutations in SCO1, as well as SCO2, can result in a cellular copper deficiency, which can occur separately from cytochrome c oxidase assembly defects.[9]

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of SCO1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Sco1tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi[16][17] was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program—a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease.[18][19][20]

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.[14][21] Twenty two tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed.[14] No homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and therefore none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; no additional significant abnormalities were observed in these animals.[14]

Interactions

SCO1 has been shown to have 127 binary protein-protein interactions including 120 co-complex interactions. SCO1 interacts with COA6, TMEM177, COX20, COX16, COX17, WDR19, CIDEB, and UBC7. It is also found in a complex with TMEM177, COX20, COA6, MT-CO2/COX2, COX18 and SCO2.[22][4][5][23]


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Petruzzella V, Tiranti V, Fernandez P, Ianna P, Carrozzo R, Zeviani M (December 1998). "Identification and characterization of human cDNAs specific to BCS1, PET112, SCO1, COX15, and COX11, five genes involved in the formation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain". Genomics. 54 (3): 494–504. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5580. PMID 9878253.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Entrez Gene: SCO1 SCO cytochrome oxidase deficient homolog 1 (yeast)". This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ↑ Brosel S, Yang H, Tanji K, Bonilla E, Schon EA (November 2010). "Unexpected vascular enrichment of SCO1 over SCO2 in mammalian tissues: implications for human mitochondrial disease". The American Journal of Pathology. 177 (5): 2541–8. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.100229. PMC 2966810. PMID 20864674.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D158–D169. January 2017. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1099. PMC 5210571. PMID 27899622.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "SCO1 - Protein SCO1 homolog, mitochondrial precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - SCO1 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2018-08-08.File:CC-BY-icon-80x15.png This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  6. ↑ Yao, Daniel. "Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) —— Protein Information". amino.heartproteome.org. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
  7. ↑ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, et al. (October 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
  8. ↑ Leary SC, Kaufman BA, Pellecchia G, Guercin GH, Mattman A, Jaksch M, Shoubridge EA (September 2004). "Human SCO1 and SCO2 have independent, cooperative functions in copper delivery to cytochrome c oxidase". Human Molecular Genetics. 13 (17): 1839–48. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddh197. PMID 15229189.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Leary SC, Cobine PA, Kaufman BA, Guercin GH, Mattman A, Palaty J, Lockitch G, Winge DR, Rustin P, Horvath R, Shoubridge EA (January 2007). "The human cytochrome c oxidase assembly factors SCO1 and SCO2 have regulatory roles in the maintenance of cellular copper homeostasis". Cell Metabolism. 5 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.12.001. PMID 17189203.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Valnot I, Osmond S, Gigarel N, Mehaye B, Amiel J, Cormier-Daire V, Munnich A, Bonnefont JP, Rustin P, Rötig A (November 2000). "Mutations of the SCO1 gene in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase deficiency with neonatal-onset hepatic failure and encephalopathy". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (5): 1104–9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62940-1. PMC 1288552. PMID 11013136.
  11. ↑ Banci L, Bertini I, Ciofi-Baffoni S, Leontari I, Martinelli M, Palumaa P, Sillard R, Wang S (January 2007). "Human Sco1 functional studies and pathological implications of the P174L mutant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606189103. PMC 1765425. PMID 17182746.
  12. ↑ Leary SC, Antonicka H, Sasarman F, Weraarpachai W, Cobine PA, Pan M, Brown GK, Brown R, Majewski J, Ha KC, Rahman S, Shoubridge EA (October 2013). "Novel mutations in SCO1 as a cause of fatal infantile encephalopathy and lactic acidosis". Human Mutation. 34 (10): 1366–70. doi:10.1002/humu.22385. PMID 23878101.
  13. ↑ "Salmonella infection data for Sco1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Gerdin, AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
  15. ↑ Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
  16. ↑ "International Knockout Mouse Consortium".
  17. ↑ "Mouse Genome Informatics".
  18. ↑ Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, et al. (June 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
  19. ↑ Dolgin E (June 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
  20. ↑ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (January 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
  21. ↑ van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (June 2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome Biology. 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353.
  22. ↑ Lorenzi I, Oeljeklaus S, Aich A, Ronsör C, Callegari S, Dudek J, Warscheid B, Dennerlein S, Rehling P (February 2018). "The mitochondrial TMEM177 associates with COX20 during COX2 biogenesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1865 (2): 323–333. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.11.010. PMC 5764226. PMID 29154948.
  23. ↑ "127 binary interactions found for search term SCO1". IntAct Molecular Interaction Database. EMBL-EBI. Retrieved 2018-08-25.

Further reading

  • Shoubridge EA (2001). "Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 106 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1378. PMID 11579424.
  • Schulze M, Rödel G (March 1989). "Accumulation of the cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II in yeast requires a mitochondrial membrane-associated protein, encoded by the nuclear SCO1 gene". Molecular & General Genetics. 216 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1007/BF00332228. PMID 2543907.
  • Schulze M, Rödel G (March 1988). "SCO1, a yeast nuclear gene essential for accumulation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II". Molecular & General Genetics. 211 (3): 492–8. doi:10.1007/BF00425706. PMID 2835635.
  • Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (April 1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction". Analytical Biochemistry. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474.
  • Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, Ricafrente JY, Wentland MA, Lennon G, Gibbs RA (April 1997). "Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing". Genome Research. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174.
  • Paret C, Ostermann K, Krause-Buchholz U, Rentzsch A, Rödel G (March 1999). "Human members of the SCO1 gene family: complementation analysis in yeast and intracellular localization". FEBS Letters. 447 (1): 65–70. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00266-5. PMID 10218584.
  • Papadopoulou LC, Sue CM, Davidson MM, Tanji K, Nishino I, Sadlock JE, Krishna S, Walker W, Selby J, Glerum DM, Coster RV, Lyon G, Scalais E, Lebel R, Kaplan P, Shanske S, De Vivo DC, Bonilla E, Hirano M, DiMauro S, Schon EA (November 1999). "Fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy with COX deficiency and mutations in SCO2, a COX assembly gene". Nature Genetics. 23 (3): 333–7. doi:10.1038/15513. PMID 10545952.
  • Horvath R, Lochmüller H, Stucka R, Yao J, Shoubridge EA, Kim SH, Gerbitz KD, Jaksch M (September 2000). "Characterization of human SCO1 and COX17 genes in mitochondrial cytochrome-c-oxidase deficiency". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 276 (2): 530–3. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3495. PMID 11027508.
  • Williams JC, Sue C, Banting GS, Yang H, Glerum DM, Hendrickson WA, Schon EA (April 2005). "Crystal structure of human SCO1: implications for redox signaling by a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase "assembly" protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (15): 15202–11. doi:10.1074/jbc.M410705200. PMID 15659396.
  • Horng YC, Leary SC, Cobine PA, Young FB, George GN, Shoubridge EA, Winge DR (October 2005). "Human Sco1 and Sco2 function as copper-binding proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (40): 34113–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M506801200. PMID 16091356.
  • Cobine PA, Pierrel F, Leary SC, Sasarman F, Horng YC, Shoubridge EA, Winge DR (May 2006). "The P174L mutation in human Sco1 severely compromises Cox17-dependent metallation but does not impair copper binding". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (18): 12270–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M600496200. PMID 16520371.
  • Banci L, Bertini I, Calderone V, Ciofi-Baffoni S, Mangani S, Martinelli M, Palumaa P, Wang S (June 2006). "A hint for the function of human Sco1 from different structures". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (23): 8595–600. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601375103. PMC 1482625. PMID 16735468.
  • Leary SC, Sasarman F, Nishimura T, Shoubridge EA (June 2009). "Human SCO2 is required for the synthesis of CO II and as a thiol-disulphide oxidoreductase for SCO1". Human Molecular Genetics. 18 (12): 2230–40. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp158. PMID 19336478.
  • Stiburek L, Vesela K, Hansikova H, Hulkova H, Zeman J (May 2009). "Loss of function of Sco1 and its interaction with cytochrome c oxidase". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 296 (5): C1218–26. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00564.2008. PMID 19295170.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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