Reye's syndrome: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(39 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<div style="-webkit-user-select: none;">
{|class="infobox" style="position: fixed; top: 65%; right: 10px; margin: 0 0 0 0; border: 0; float: right;
|-
| {{#ev:youtube|https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Esgq0C2xjdY|350}}
|-
|}
__NOTOC__
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Infobox_Disease |
{{Infobox_Disease |
Line 16: Line 23:
}}
}}
{{SI}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{ADI}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Reye's syndrome''' is a potentially fatal [[disease]] that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the [[brain]] and [[liver]]. It is associated with [[aspirin]] consumption by children with [[viral disease]]s such as [[chicken pox]].
'''Reye's syndrome''' is a potentially fatal [[disease]] that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the [[brain]] and [[liver]]. It is associated with [[aspirin]] consumption by children with [[viral disease]]s such as [[chicken pox]].
==Historical Perspective==
The syndrome is named after Dr R. Douglas Reye, who, along with fellow Australians Dr. [[Graeme Morgan]] and Dr. [[Jim Baral]], published the first study of the syndrome in 1963 in the British medical journal called [[The Lancet]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Reye RD, Morgan G, Baral J |title=Encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera. A Disease entity in childhood|journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue= |pages=749-52 |year=1963 |pmid=14055046 |doi=}}</ref> In retrospect, the occurrence of the syndrome may have first been reported in 1929. Also in 1963, Dr. [[George Johnson]] and colleagues published an investigation of an outbreak of influenza B that described 16 children who developed neurological problems, four of whom had a remarkably similar profile to Reye’s syndrome.  Some investigators refer to this disorder as Reye-Johnson syndrome, although it is more commonly called Reye's syndrome. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, studies in Ohio, Michigan and Arizona<ref name="Mortimer" />pointed to the use of aspirin during an upper respiratory tract or chicken pox infection as a possible trigger of the syndrome.  Beginning in 1980, the CDC cautioned physicians and parents about the association between Reye’s syndrome and the use of salicylates in children and teenagers with chickenpox or virus-like illnesses.  In 1982 the US Surgeon General issued an advisory and in 1986 the Food and Drug Administration required a Reye’s syndrome-related warning label for all aspirin-containing medications.


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
===Pathology===
The disease causes [[hepatic steatosis|fatty liver]] with minimal inflammation, and severe [[encephalopathy]] (with swelling of the brain). The [[liver]] may become slightly enlarged and firm, and there is a change in the appearance of the [[kidney]]s. [[Jaundice]] is not usually present.<ref name="Suchy">{{cite book |last=Suchy| first= FJ, el al.| last2 =Sokol | first2 = RJ| last3 =Balistreri | first3 = WF|chapter= |title=Liver Disease in Children |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]| location=Cambridge |year=2007|pages=| isbn=0-5218-5657-4}}</ref>
The disease causes [[hepatic steatosis|fatty liver]] with minimal inflammation, and severe [[encephalopathy]] (with swelling of the brain). The [[liver]] may become slightly enlarged and firm, and there is a change in the appearance of the [[kidney]]s. [[Jaundice]] is not usually present.<ref name="Suchy">{{cite book |last=Suchy| first= FJ, el al.| last2 =Sokol | first2 = RJ| last3 =Balistreri | first3 = WF|chapter= |title=Liver Disease in Children |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]| location=Cambridge |year=2007|pages=| isbn=0-5218-5657-4}}</ref>
The precise mechanism by which Reye's syndrome occurs remains unknown.  However, the major form of Reye’s syndrome reported in the United States is characteristically preceded by a viral-like flu illness or chickenpox. Many studies have demonstrated a strong association between aspirin taken for these viral illnesses and the development of Reye’s syndrome.
The serious symptoms of Reye's syndrome appear to result from damage to cellular [[mitochondria]], at least in the liver, and there are a number of ways that aspirin could cause or exacerbate mitochondrial damage. An increased risk of contracting Reye's syndrome is one of the main reasons that aspirin has not been recommended for use in children and teenagers, the age group for which the risk of lasting serious effects is highest.
===Microscopic Pathology===
Diffuse panlobular steatosis and microvesicular fatty droplets with central nuclei are consistent with  typical Reye's syndrome.  Few patients may have multifocal spotty necrosis or centrilobular necrosis.
[[Image:Reye's syndrome liver-histology.jpg|thumb|center|300px| Histopathology of liver in a child with Reye's syndrome. Hepatocytes are pale-staining due to intracellular fat droplets]]


==Causes==
==Causes==
The precise mechanism by which Reye's syndrome occurs remains unknown. This serious illness is referred to as a “syndrome” because the clinical features that physicians use to diagnose it are quite broad. However, the major form of Reye’s syndrome reported in the United States is characteristically preceded by a viral-like flu illness or chickenpox. Many studies have demonstrated a strong association between aspirin taken for these viral illnesses and the development of Reye’s syndrome.  Some studies indicate that a significant percentage of cases, particularly in very young children, are later re-categorized as other disorders or conditions -- as high as 25% in the UK and 50% in Australia. These re-categorized disorders, unlike the characteristic Reye’s syndrome, are not strongly linked to exposure to [[aspirin]].
At least five epidemiologic studies published in US medical journals,<ref name="Mortimer">{{cite journal |author=Mortimer EA |title=Reye's syndrome, salicylates, epidemiology, and public health policy |journal=JAMA |volume=257 |issue=14 |pages=941 |year=1987 |pmid=3820516 |doi=}}</ref> including one study that was supported by funds from the [[aspirin]] industry,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Forsyth BW, Horwitz RI, Acampora D, ''et al'' |title=New epidemiologic evidence confirming that bias does not explain the aspirin/Reye's syndrome association |journal=JAMA |volume=261 |issue=17 |pages=2517-24 |year=1989 |pmid=2704111 |doi=}}</ref> have confirmed an association between the development of Reye's syndrome and the use of [[aspirin]] (a [[salicylate]] compound) for treating the symptoms of [[influenza]]-like illnesses or [[chicken pox]].<ref name="Mortimer" />
 
==Differentiating Reye syndrome from other Diseases==
Reye's is often mistaken for diagnosis of other conditions due to the symptoms of [[encephalopathy]].
* Various inborn [[metabolic disorders]] - specific metabolic tests are done and any co-morbidity will help in differentiating from Reye's syndrome.
* [[Encephalitis|Viral encephalitis]] - presence of meningeal signs and symptoms may exclude the diagnosis.
* [[Drug overdose]] or [[Catalyst poisoning|poisoning]] - careful and detailed history helps in identifying the drug or poison.
* [[Head trauma]] - history of trauma and abrasion will provide clue to diagnosis.
* [[Hepatic failure]] due to other causes - associated co-morbid conditions.
* [[Meningitis]] - presence of [[meningeal signs]] will exclude the diagnosis
* [[Renal failure]] - symptoms like increase in [[blood pressure]], [[electrolyte abnormalities]], [[pedal edema]] help in the diagnosis.


At least five epidemiologic studies published in US medical journals,<ref name=Mortimer>{{cite journal |author=Mortimer EA |title=Reye's syndrome, salicylates, epidemiology, and public health policy |journal=JAMA |volume=257 |issue=14 |pages=941 |year=1987 |pmid=3820516 |doi=}}</ref> including one study that was supported by funds from the aspirin industry,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Forsyth BW, Horwitz RI, Acampora D, ''et al'' |title=New epidemiologic evidence confirming that bias does not explain the aspirin/Reye's syndrome association |journal=JAMA |volume=261 |issue=17 |pages=2517-24 |year=1989 |pmid=2704111 |doi=}}</ref> have confirmed an association between the development of Reye's syndrome and the use of aspirin (a [[salicylate]] compound) for treating the symptoms of [[influenza]]-like illnesses or [[chicken pox]].<ref name=Mortimer/>  The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), the U.S. Surgeon General, the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) and the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) recommend that aspirin and combination products containing aspirin not be given to children under 19 years of age during episodes of fever-causing illnesses. Acetylsalicylate is another word for aspirin; some medicine labels may use the words acetylsalicylate or acetylsalicylic acid instead of the word aspirin. Investigators at CDC have also cautioned against the use of medicines, including some anti-nausea medications that contain salicylic acid, or salicylate. A doctor or pharmacist should be consulted before any child or teenager under 19 years of age is given any medication containing aspirin (acetylsalicylate, salicylate, acetylsalicylic acid, or salicylic acid).
==Epidemiology and Demographics==


The vast majority of children who take aspirin while ill with a virus such as chicken pox or flu do not develop Reye's syndrome and some children who are diagnosed with the syndrome may not have taken aspirin or salicylates.  Misdiagnoses of metabolic disorders that present with Reye’s Syndrome-like signs and symptoms, unreported exposures to aspirin, and possible other causes of the syndrome often account for these patients diagnosed with Reye’s syndrome but apparently unexposed to salicylates.
In 1980, after CDC began cautioning physicians and parents about the association between Reye’s syndrome and the use of salicylates in children with chickenpox or virus-like illnesses, the incidence of Reye's syndrome in the United States began to decline. In the United States between 1980 and 1997, the number of reported cases of Reye’s syndrome decreased from 555 cases in 1980 to about 2 cases per year since 1994. During this time period 93% of reported cases for which racial data were available occurred in whites and the median age was six years.  A viral illness occurred in 93% of cases in the preceding three week period.  For the period 1991-1994, the annual rate of hospitalizations due to Reye’s syndrome in the US was estimated to be between 0.2 and 1.1 per million population less than 18 years of age.


The serious symptoms of Reye's syndrome appear to result from damage to cellular [[mitochondria]], at least in the liver, and there are a number of ways that aspirin could cause or exacerbate mitochondrial damage. An increased risk of contracting Reye's syndrome is one of the main reasons that aspirin has not been recommended for use in children and teenagers, the age group for which the risk of lasting serious effects is highest.
During the 1980s, a case-control study carried out in the United Kingdom also demonstrated an associate between Reye’s syndrome and aspirin exposure.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hall SM, Plaster PA, Glasgow JF, Hancock P |title=Preadmission antipyretics in Reye's syndrome |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=857-66 |year=1988 |pmid=3415311 |doi=}}</ref>  In June 1986, the United Kingdom [[Committee on Safety of Medicines]] issued warnings against the use of aspirin in children under 12 years of age and warning labels on aspirin-containing medications were introduced.  UK surveillance for Reye’s syndrome documented a decline in the incidence of Reye’s syndrome following 1986.  The reported incidence rate of Reye’s syndrome decreased from a high of 0.63 per 100,000 population less than 12 years of age in 1983/84 to 0.11 in 1990/91.
 
From November 1995 to November 1996 in France, a national survey of pediatric departments for children under 15 years of age with unexplained [[encephalopathy]] and a three fold (or greater) increase in serum aminotransferase and/or ammonia led to the identification of nine definite cases of Reye’s syndrome (0.79 cases per million children).  Eight of the nine children with Reye’s syndrome were found to have been exposed to aspirin.  In part because of this survey result, the French Medicines Agency reinforced the international attention to the relationship between aspirin and Reye’s syndrome by issuing its own public and professional warnings about this relationship.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Autret-Leca E, Jonville-Béra AP, Llau ME, ''et al''|title=Incidence of Reye's syndrome in France: a hospital-based survey |journal=Journal of clinical epidemiology |volume=54|issue=8 |pages=857-62 |year=2001 |pmid=11470397 |doi=}}</ref>
 
Some studies indicate that a significant percentage of cases, particularly in very young children, are later re-categorized as other disorders or conditions -- as high as 25% in the UK and 50% in Australia. These re-categorized disorders, unlike the characteristic Reye’s syndrome, are not strongly linked to exposure to [[aspirin]].
 
===Age===
* Reye’s syndrome occurs almost exclusively in children although it has been reported to occur in adults.
* However, adults do not appear to be as vulnerable to permanent neural or [[liver damage]].
* The surveillance for Reye’s syndrome in the US is focused on patients under 18 years of age.  


==Historical Perspective==
==Risk Factors==
The syndrome is named after Dr R. Douglas Reye, who, along with fellow Australians Dr. [[Graeme Morgan]] and Dr. [[Jim Baral]], published the first study of the syndrome in 1963 in the British medical journal called [[The Lancet]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Reye RD, Morgan G, Baral J |title=Encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera. A Disease entity in childhood|journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue= |pages=749-52 |year=1963 |pmid=14055046 |doi=}}</ref> In retrospect, the occurrence of the syndrome may have first been reported in 1929. Also in 1963, Dr. [[George Johnson]] and colleagues published an investigation of an outbreak of influenza B that described 16 children who developed neurological problems, four of whom had a remarkably similar profile to Reye’s syndrome.  Some investigators refer to this disorder as Reye-Johnson syndrome, although it is more commonly called Reye's syndrome. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, studies in Ohio, Michigan and Arizona<ref name=Mortimer/> pointed to the use of aspirin during an upper respiratory tract or chicken pox infection as a possible trigger of the syndrome.  Beginning in 1980, the CDC cautioned physicians and parents about the association between Reye’s syndrome and the use of salicylates in children and teenagers with chickenpox or virus-like illnesses.  In 1982 the US Surgeon General issued an advisory and in 1986 the Food and Drug Administration required a Reye’s syndrome-related warning label for all aspirin-containing medications.
* Reye's syndrome is most often seen in children ages 4 - 12.
* A few infections like [[chicken pox]], [[influenza]] and other upper respiratory tract infections.


==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==


Reye's syndrome progresses through five stages, explained below:
Reye's syndrome progresses through five stages, explained below:
* Stage I
* Stage I
** Persistent, heavy [[vomiting]] that is not relieved by eating
** Persistent, heavy [[vomiting]] that is not relieved by eating
Line 47: Line 85:
* Stage II
* Stage II
** [[Stupor]] caused by minor [[brain]] inflammation
** [[Stupor]] caused by minor [[brain]] inflammation
** Hyperventilation
** [[Hyperventilation]]
** [[Fatty liver]] (found by [[biopsy]])
** [[Fatty liver]] (found by [[biopsy]])
** [[Hyperreflexia|Hyperactive reflexes]]
** [[Hyperreflexia|Hyperactive reflexes]]
Line 54: Line 92:
** Possible [[coma]]
** Possible [[coma]]
** Possible cerebral [[edema]]
** Possible cerebral [[edema]]
** Rarely, respiratory arrest
** Rarely, [[respiratory arrest]]
* Stage IV
* Stage IV
** Deepening coma
** Deepening [[coma]]
** Large pupils with minimal response to light
** [[Large pupils]] with minimal response to light
** Minimal but still present [[hepatic]] dysfunction
** Minimal but still present [[hepatic]] dysfunction
* Stage V
* Stage V
** Very rapid onset following stage IV
** Very rapid onset following stage IV
** Deep coma
** Deep [[coma]]
** [[Seizures]]
** [[Seizures]]
** Respiratory failure
** [[Respiratory failure]]
** [[Flaccidity]]
** [[Flaccidity]]
** Extremely high blood [[ammonia]] (above 300mg per 100mL of blood)
** Extremely high blood [[ammonia]] (above 300mg per 100mL of blood
** Death
** Death


Line 71: Line 109:
Documented cases of Reye’s syndrome in adults have only been very rarely reported. The recovery of adults with the syndrome is generally complete, with liver and brain function returning to normal within two weeks of the illness. In children however, mild to severe permanent brain damage is possible, especially in infants.  Over thirty percent of the cases reported in the United States from 1981 through 1997 died. Early diagnosis is vital, otherwise death or severe brain damage may follow.
Documented cases of Reye’s syndrome in adults have only been very rarely reported. The recovery of adults with the syndrome is generally complete, with liver and brain function returning to normal within two weeks of the illness. In children however, mild to severe permanent brain damage is possible, especially in infants.  Over thirty percent of the cases reported in the United States from 1981 through 1997 died. Early diagnosis is vital, otherwise death or severe brain damage may follow.


==Differentiating Reye syndrome from other Diseases==
==Diagnosis==
Causes for similar symptoms include
===History===
* Various inborn [[metabolic disorders]]
A directed history should be obtained to ascertain the duration of [[infection]], use of [[aspirin]] and any other associated co-morbid conditions ([[diarrhea]] or [[vomiting]]).
* [[Encephalitis|Viral encephalitis]]
* [[Drug overdose]] or [[Catalyst poisoning|poisoning]]
* [[Head trauma]]
* [[Hepatic failure]] due to other causes
* [[Meningitis]]
* [[Renal failure]]


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Symptoms===
Reye’s syndrome occurs almost exclusively in children although it has been reported to occur in adults. However, adults do not appear to be as vulnerable to permanent neural or liver damage. Unlike in the UK and Australia, the surveillance for Reye’s syndrome in the US is focused on patients under 18 years of age. 
* [[Lethargy]]
* [[Diarrhea]] with or without [[vomiting]]
* [[Nightmare]]s
* [[Confusion]]
* [[Seizures]]
===Physical Examination===
====Appearance of the patient====
* The child may be [[lethargic]] or in a unusual posture([[Decerebrate rigidity]])
====Vital Signs====
* [[Temperature]] -  may be increased due to infection
* [[Blood pressure]] - may be low due to [[volume loss]] from [[diarrhea]] or [[vomiting]]
* [[Pulse]] - may be in high rate and low in volume


In 1980, after CDC began cautioning physicians and parents about the association between Reye’s syndrome and the use of salicylates in children with chickenpox or virus-like illnesses, the incidence of Reye's syndrome in the United States began to decline. In the United States between 1980 and 1997, the number of reported cases of Reye’s syndrome decreased from 555 cases in 1980 to about 2 cases per year since 1994. During this time period 93% of reported cases for which racial data were available occurred in whites and the median age was six years.  A viral illness occurred in 93% of cases in the preceding three week period.  For the period 1991-1994, the annual rate of hospitalizations due to Reye’s syndrome in the US was estimated to be between 0.2 and 1.1 per million population less than 18 years of age.
====Skin====
* Loss of [[skin turgor]] may be seen in [[dehydration]]
====Eyes====
* Staring gaze may be seen
* [[Double vision]] may be present
====Lungs====
* [[Hyperventilation]] may be seen
====Extremities====
* [[Extensor spasm]]s may be seen
====Neurologic====
All these findings may not be seen in the patient but if present they are significant
* [[Stupor]]
* [[Delirium]]
* [[Decerebrate rigidity]]
* [[Hearing loss]]
* [[Speech difficulties]]
* [[Flaccidity]] / [[weakness]] of arms or legs
* [[Seizures]]


During the 1980s, a case-control study carried out in the United Kingdom also demonstrated an associate between Reye’s syndrome and aspirin exposure.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hall SM, Plaster PA, Glasgow JF, Hancock P |title=Preadmission antipyretics in Reye's syndrome |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=857-66 |year=1988 |pmid=3415311 |doi=}}</ref>  In June 1986, the United Kingdom [[Committee on Safety of Medicines]] issued warnings against the use of aspirin in children under 12 years of age and warning labels on aspirin-containing medications were introduced. UK surveillance for Reye’s syndrome documented a decline in the incidence of Reye’s syndrome following 1986. The reported incidence rate of Reye’s syndrome decreased from a high of 0.63 per 100,000 population less than 12 years of age in 1983/84 to 0.11 in 1990/91.
===Laboratory Findings===
====Blood Studies====
* [[Complete blood count]] and differential count to establish infectious cause.
* [[ESR]] is elevated as a result of infection.
* [[Arterial blood gas]] analysis to monitor acid base status.


From November 1995 to November 1996 in France, a national survey of pediatric departments for children under 15 years of age with unexplained [[encephalopathy]] and a three fold (or greater) increase in serum aminotransferase and/or ammonia led to the identification of nine definite cases of Reye’s syndrome (0.79 cases per million children).  Eight of the nine children with Reye’s syndrome were found to have been exposed to aspirin.  In part because of this survey result, the French Medicines Agency reinforced the international attention to the relationship between aspirin and Reye’s syndrome by issuing its own public and professional warnings about this relationship.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Autret-Leca E, Jonville-Béra AP, Llau ME, ''et al'' |title=Incidence of Reye's syndrome in France: a hospital-based survey |journal=Journal of clinical epidemiology |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=857-62 |year=2001 |pmid=11470397 |doi=}}</ref>
====Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies====
* [[Liver enzymes]] are elevated due to damage to liver
* [[Hyperammonemia|Blood ammonia level is elevated]].
* [[Hypoglycemia]] may be noticed.


== References ==
====CT and MRI Scans====
{{reflist|2}}
* To differentiate from other causes of [[encephalopathy]].
====Biopsy====
* Liver biopsy identifies the damage at microscopic level. Diffuse panlobular [[steatosis]] and microvesicular fatty droplets with central nuclei are consistent with typical Reye's syndrome.  A few patients may have multifocal spotty necrosis or  centrilobular necrosis also.


====Other Diagnostic Studies====
* [[Lumbar puncture]] and [[CSF]] analysis helps in differentiating from [[encephalitis]] and [[meningitis]].


==Treatment==
* No specific therapy exists.
* 10% glucose to correct [[hypoglycemia]].
* Maintenance of [[airway]] and [[circulation]] with adequate oxygen.
* [[Steroids]] to decrease any brain [[edema]].
===Prevention===
* Avoid or reduce the use of [[aspirin]] in the children with the aforementioned infectious diseases.


 
== References ==
* Autret-Leca E, Jonville-Bera AP, Llau ME, et al. Incidence of Reye’s syndrome in France: a hospital-based survey. J Clin Eoidemiolo 2001; 54:857-862.
{{reflist|2}}
* Belay ED, Bresee JS, Holman RC, et al.  Reye’s syndrome in the United States from 1981 through 1997.  NEJM 1999;340(18)1377-1382.
* Forsyth BW, Horwitz RI, Acampora D, et al.  New epidemiologic evidence confirming that bias does not explain the aspirin/Reye’s syndrome association.  JAMA.  1989;261:2517-2524.
* Hall SM, Plaster PA, Glasgow JFT, Hancock P.  Preadmission antipyretics in Reye’s syndrome.  Arch Dis Child 1988;63:857-866.
* Hurwitz ES, Barrett MJ, Bergman D, et al.  Public Health Service study of Reye’s syndrome and medications: Report of the main study.  JAMA 1987;257:1905-1911.
* Johnson GM, Scurletis TD, Carroll NB. A study of sixteen fatal cases of encephalitis-like disease in North Carolina children. N C Med J 1963;24:464-73.
* Kauffman RE.  (Reye's syndrome and salicylate use, by Karen M. Starko, MD, et al, Pediatrics, 1980;66:859-864; and National patterns of aspirin use and Reye syndrome reporting, United States, 1980 to 1985, by Janet B. Arrowsmith et al, Pediatrics, 1987;79:858-863.)  1998.  Pediatrics 102:259-262.
* “Labeling for oral and rectal over-the-counter drug products containing aspirin and nonaspirin salicylates; Reye’s syndrome warning, Final Rule.” Federal Register 68  (17 April 2003):18861-18869.
* Mortimer EA.  Reye’s syndrome, salicylates, epidemiology, and public health policy.  JAMA 1987;257(14):1941.
* Reye RDK, Morgan G, Basal J. Encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera. A disease entity in childhood. Lancet 1963;2:749-52.
* Suchy Frederick J., Ronald J. Sokol, William F. Balistreri (eds), 2007, ''Liver Disease in Children'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 0521856574
* Sullivan KM, Belay ED, Durbin RE, et al.  Epidemiology of Reye’s syndrome, United States, 1991-1994: Comparison of CDC surveillance and hospital admission data.  Neruoepidemiology  2000;19:338-344.
* Surgeon General’s advisory on the use of salicylates and Reye syndrome.  MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1982;31:289-90.


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{NINDS|reyes_syndrome}}
* [http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00034.html FDA Bulletin on Reye-Johnson Syndrome]
* [http://www.reyessyndrome.org/ National Reye's Syndrome Foundation]
* [http://www.reyessyndrome.org/ National Reye's Syndrome Foundation]
* [http://healthgate.partners.org/browsing/browseContent.asp?fileName=11596.xml&title=Reye's%20Syndrome/ Reye's Syndrome website at Brigham and Women's Hospital]


{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}
{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}
Line 125: Line 187:
[[Category:Syndromes]]
[[Category:Syndromes]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Disease]]


[[de:Reye-Syndrom]]
[[de:Reye-Syndrom]]

Latest revision as of 14:37, 4 October 2019

https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Esgq0C2xjdY%7C350}}

For patient information click here

Reye's syndrome
ICD-10 G93.7
ICD-9 331.81
DiseasesDB 11463
MedlinePlus 001565

WikiDoc Resources for Reye's syndrome

Articles

Most recent articles on Reye's syndrome

Most cited articles on Reye's syndrome

Review articles on Reye's syndrome

Articles on Reye's syndrome in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Reye's syndrome

Images of Reye's syndrome

Photos of Reye's syndrome

Podcasts & MP3s on Reye's syndrome

Videos on Reye's syndrome

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Reye's syndrome

Bandolier on Reye's syndrome

TRIP on Reye's syndrome

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Reye's syndrome at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Reye's syndrome

Clinical Trials on Reye's syndrome at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Reye's syndrome

NICE Guidance on Reye's syndrome

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Reye's syndrome

CDC on Reye's syndrome

Books

Books on Reye's syndrome

News

Reye's syndrome in the news

Be alerted to news on Reye's syndrome

News trends on Reye's syndrome

Commentary

Blogs on Reye's syndrome

Definitions

Definitions of Reye's syndrome

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Reye's syndrome

Discussion groups on Reye's syndrome

Patient Handouts on Reye's syndrome

Directions to Hospitals Treating Reye's syndrome

Risk calculators and risk factors for Reye's syndrome

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Reye's syndrome

Causes & Risk Factors for Reye's syndrome

Diagnostic studies for Reye's syndrome

Treatment of Reye's syndrome

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Reye's syndrome

International

Reye's syndrome en Espanol

Reye's syndrome en Francais

Business

Reye's syndrome in the Marketplace

Patents on Reye's syndrome

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Reye's syndrome

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Reye's syndrome is a potentially fatal disease that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver. It is associated with aspirin consumption by children with viral diseases such as chicken pox.

Historical Perspective

The syndrome is named after Dr R. Douglas Reye, who, along with fellow Australians Dr. Graeme Morgan and Dr. Jim Baral, published the first study of the syndrome in 1963 in the British medical journal called The Lancet.[1] In retrospect, the occurrence of the syndrome may have first been reported in 1929. Also in 1963, Dr. George Johnson and colleagues published an investigation of an outbreak of influenza B that described 16 children who developed neurological problems, four of whom had a remarkably similar profile to Reye’s syndrome. Some investigators refer to this disorder as Reye-Johnson syndrome, although it is more commonly called Reye's syndrome. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, studies in Ohio, Michigan and Arizona[2]pointed to the use of aspirin during an upper respiratory tract or chicken pox infection as a possible trigger of the syndrome. Beginning in 1980, the CDC cautioned physicians and parents about the association between Reye’s syndrome and the use of salicylates in children and teenagers with chickenpox or virus-like illnesses. In 1982 the US Surgeon General issued an advisory and in 1986 the Food and Drug Administration required a Reye’s syndrome-related warning label for all aspirin-containing medications.

Pathophysiology

The disease causes fatty liver with minimal inflammation, and severe encephalopathy (with swelling of the brain). The liver may become slightly enlarged and firm, and there is a change in the appearance of the kidneys. Jaundice is not usually present.[3]

The precise mechanism by which Reye's syndrome occurs remains unknown. However, the major form of Reye’s syndrome reported in the United States is characteristically preceded by a viral-like flu illness or chickenpox. Many studies have demonstrated a strong association between aspirin taken for these viral illnesses and the development of Reye’s syndrome.

The serious symptoms of Reye's syndrome appear to result from damage to cellular mitochondria, at least in the liver, and there are a number of ways that aspirin could cause or exacerbate mitochondrial damage. An increased risk of contracting Reye's syndrome is one of the main reasons that aspirin has not been recommended for use in children and teenagers, the age group for which the risk of lasting serious effects is highest.

Microscopic Pathology

Diffuse panlobular steatosis and microvesicular fatty droplets with central nuclei are consistent with typical Reye's syndrome. Few patients may have multifocal spotty necrosis or centrilobular necrosis.

Histopathology of liver in a child with Reye's syndrome. Hepatocytes are pale-staining due to intracellular fat droplets

Causes

At least five epidemiologic studies published in US medical journals,[2] including one study that was supported by funds from the aspirin industry,[4] have confirmed an association between the development of Reye's syndrome and the use of aspirin (a salicylate compound) for treating the symptoms of influenza-like illnesses or chicken pox.[2]

Differentiating Reye syndrome from other Diseases

Reye's is often mistaken for diagnosis of other conditions due to the symptoms of encephalopathy.

Epidemiology and Demographics

In 1980, after CDC began cautioning physicians and parents about the association between Reye’s syndrome and the use of salicylates in children with chickenpox or virus-like illnesses, the incidence of Reye's syndrome in the United States began to decline. In the United States between 1980 and 1997, the number of reported cases of Reye’s syndrome decreased from 555 cases in 1980 to about 2 cases per year since 1994. During this time period 93% of reported cases for which racial data were available occurred in whites and the median age was six years. A viral illness occurred in 93% of cases in the preceding three week period. For the period 1991-1994, the annual rate of hospitalizations due to Reye’s syndrome in the US was estimated to be between 0.2 and 1.1 per million population less than 18 years of age.

During the 1980s, a case-control study carried out in the United Kingdom also demonstrated an associate between Reye’s syndrome and aspirin exposure.[5] In June 1986, the United Kingdom Committee on Safety of Medicines issued warnings against the use of aspirin in children under 12 years of age and warning labels on aspirin-containing medications were introduced. UK surveillance for Reye’s syndrome documented a decline in the incidence of Reye’s syndrome following 1986. The reported incidence rate of Reye’s syndrome decreased from a high of 0.63 per 100,000 population less than 12 years of age in 1983/84 to 0.11 in 1990/91.

From November 1995 to November 1996 in France, a national survey of pediatric departments for children under 15 years of age with unexplained encephalopathy and a three fold (or greater) increase in serum aminotransferase and/or ammonia led to the identification of nine definite cases of Reye’s syndrome (0.79 cases per million children). Eight of the nine children with Reye’s syndrome were found to have been exposed to aspirin. In part because of this survey result, the French Medicines Agency reinforced the international attention to the relationship between aspirin and Reye’s syndrome by issuing its own public and professional warnings about this relationship.[6]

Some studies indicate that a significant percentage of cases, particularly in very young children, are later re-categorized as other disorders or conditions -- as high as 25% in the UK and 50% in Australia. These re-categorized disorders, unlike the characteristic Reye’s syndrome, are not strongly linked to exposure to aspirin.

Age

  • Reye’s syndrome occurs almost exclusively in children although it has been reported to occur in adults.
  • However, adults do not appear to be as vulnerable to permanent neural or liver damage.
  • The surveillance for Reye’s syndrome in the US is focused on patients under 18 years of age.

Risk Factors

  • Reye's syndrome is most often seen in children ages 4 - 12.
  • A few infections like chicken pox, influenza and other upper respiratory tract infections.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Reye's syndrome progresses through five stages, explained below:

Prognosis

Documented cases of Reye’s syndrome in adults have only been very rarely reported. The recovery of adults with the syndrome is generally complete, with liver and brain function returning to normal within two weeks of the illness. In children however, mild to severe permanent brain damage is possible, especially in infants. Over thirty percent of the cases reported in the United States from 1981 through 1997 died. Early diagnosis is vital, otherwise death or severe brain damage may follow.

Diagnosis

History

A directed history should be obtained to ascertain the duration of infection, use of aspirin and any other associated co-morbid conditions (diarrhea or vomiting).

Symptoms

Physical Examination

Appearance of the patient

Vital Signs

Skin

Eyes

Lungs

Extremities

Neurologic

All these findings may not be seen in the patient but if present they are significant

Laboratory Findings

Blood Studies

Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies

CT and MRI Scans

Biopsy

  • Liver biopsy identifies the damage at microscopic level. Diffuse panlobular steatosis and microvesicular fatty droplets with central nuclei are consistent with typical Reye's syndrome. A few patients may have multifocal spotty necrosis or centrilobular necrosis also.

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Prevention

  • Avoid or reduce the use of aspirin in the children with the aforementioned infectious diseases.

References

  1. ↑ Reye RD, Morgan G, Baral J (1963). "Encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera. A Disease entity in childhood". Lancet. 2: 749–52. PMID 14055046.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mortimer EA (1987). "Reye's syndrome, salicylates, epidemiology, and public health policy". JAMA. 257 (14): 941. PMID 3820516.
  3. ↑ Suchy, FJ, el al.; Sokol, RJ; Balistreri, WF (2007). Liver Disease in Children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5218-5657-4.
  4. ↑ Forsyth BW, Horwitz RI, Acampora D; et al. (1989). "New epidemiologic evidence confirming that bias does not explain the aspirin/Reye's syndrome association". JAMA. 261 (17): 2517–24. PMID 2704111.
  5. ↑ Hall SM, Plaster PA, Glasgow JF, Hancock P (1988). "Preadmission antipyretics in Reye's syndrome". Arch. Dis. Child. 63 (7): 857–66. PMID 3415311.
  6. ↑ Autret-Leca E, Jonville-Béra AP, Llau ME; et al. (2001). "Incidence of Reye's syndrome in France: a hospital-based survey". Journal of clinical epidemiology. 54 (8): 857–62. PMID 11470397.

External links

Template:CNS diseases of the nervous system

de:Reye-Syndrom nl:Syndroom van Reye fi:Reyen oireyhtymä

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Reye%27s_syndrome&oldid=1583408"