|
|
| (12 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| '''For patient information, click [[Pre-eclampsia (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information, click [[Pre-eclampsia (patient information)|here]].''' |
| {{Pre-eclampsia}} | | {{Pre-eclampsia}} |
| '''Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson]], M.S.,M.D. [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com] Phone:617-632-7753; Stacie Zelman, M.D. [mailto:szelman@wfumbc.edu]; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Treatment==
| | {{CMG}}; Stacie Zelman, M.D. [mailto:szelman@wfumbc.edu] {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{Ochuko}}{{Nuha}} |
| ===Overview===
| | |
| The only known treatment for eclampsia or advancing preeclampsia is [[childbirth|delivery]], either by [[induction (birth)|induction]] or [[Caesarean section]]. However, post-partum pre-eclampsia may occur up to 6 weeks following delivery even if symptoms were not present during the pregnancy. Post-partum pre-eclampsia is dangerous to the health of the mother since she may ignore or dismiss symptoms as simple post-delivery headaches and edema. Hypertension can sometimes be controlled with anti-hypertensive medication, but any effect this might have on the progress of the underlying disease is unknown. Studies have suggested that the father's semen when introduced into the mother, most effectively orally but also through intercourse,<ref>PMID 10706945</ref> prior to pregnancy reduces chances of preeclampsia, as it exposes the mother to foreign proteins of her partner.
| | {{SK}} Hypertension; Proteinuria; Organ failure ; preeclampsia |
| ===Medical Therapy===
| | |
| ====Magnesium sulfate====
| | ==[[Pre-eclampsia overview|Overview]]== |
| In some cases women with preeclampsia or eclampsia can be stabilized temporarily with [[magnesium sulfate]] intravenously to forestall seizures while steroid injections are administered to promote fetal lung maturation. Magnesium sulfate as a possible treatment was considered at least as far back as 1955,<ref>{{cite journal |author=PRITCHARD J |title=The use of the magnesium ion in the management of eclamptogenic toxemias |journal=Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=131-40 |year=1955 |pmid=13238166}}</ref> but only in recent years did its use in the UK replace the use of [[diazepam]] or [[phenytoin]].<ref>Compare descriptions in 1977 between a British and American paper.<br>* {{cite journal |author=Hibbard B, Rosen M |title=The management of severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia |journal=British journal of anaesthesia |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=3-9 |year=1977 |pmid=831744}}<br>* {{cite journal |author=Andersen W, Harbert G |title=Conservative management of pre-eclamptic and eclamptic patients: a re-evaluation |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=260-7 |year=1977 |pmid=900196}}</ref>
| | |
| Evidence for the use of magnesium sulphate came from the international MAGPIE study.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Frayling, Frayling |title=The Magpie Trial follow up study: outcome after discharge from hospital for women and children recruited to a trial comparing magnesium sulphate with placebo for pre-eclampsia [ISRCTN86938761] |journal= |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=5 |year=2004 |pmid=15113445}}</ref> When induced delivery needs to take place before 37 weeks gestation, it is accepted that there are additional risks to the baby from [[premature birth]] that will require additional monitoring and care.
| | ==[[Pre-eclampsia historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| ===Other investigated treatments===
| | |
| Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk of Preeclampsia.<!--
| | ==[[Pre-eclampsia classification|Classification]]== |
| --><ref name="JCEM-preeclampsia-vitamin-D">{{cite journal | author=Lisa M. Bodnar, Janet M. Catov, Hyagriv N. Simhan, Michael F. Holick, Robert W. Powers, James M. Roberts | title=Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk of Preeclampsia. | journal= | year=2007
| | |
| url=http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/9/3517}}</ref>
| | ==[[Pre-eclampsia pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| Studies into supplementation with [[antioxidant]] vitamins C and E found no change in preeclampsia rates.<!--
| | |
| --><ref name="NEJM2006-Rumbold">{{cite journal | author=Rumbold A, Crowther C, Haslam R, Dekker G, Robinson J | title=Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. | journal=N Engl J Med | volume=354 | issue=17 | pages=1796-806 | year=2006 | id=PMID 16641396}}</ref>
| | ==[[Pre-eclampsia causes|Causes]]== |
| Drs. Padayatty and Levine with NIH in a "Letter to the Editor" stated that the studies and another "Letter to the Editor" ''overlooked a key reason for the lack of vitamin C on the prevention of preeclampsia. Because plasma ascorbate concentrations were not reported, we estimated them from known data, the placebo and treatment groups in the study probably had similar plasma and tissue ascorbate concentrations. Doses of 1 g per day have little effect on plasma or intracellular ascorbate concentrations.''<!--
| | |
| --><ref name="Padayatta">{{cite journal | author= Padayatty SJ, Levine M. | title=Vitamin C and E and the Prevention of Preeclampsia - Letter | journal=NEJM | volume=355 | issue=10 | pages=1065-1066 | year=2006 | url=http://www.health.adelaide.edu.au/og/research/ACTS%20Published%20letter1065.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref>
| | ==[[Pre-eclampsia differential diagnosis|Differentiating Pre-eclampsia from other Diseases]]== |
| Calcium supplementation in women with low-calcium diets found no change in preeclampsia rates but did find a decrease in the rate of severe preeclamptic complications.<!--
| | |
| --><ref name="AmJObstetGynecol2006-Villar">{{cite journal | author=Villar J, Abdel-Aleem H, Merialdi M, Mathai M, Ali M, Zavaleta N, Purwar M, Hofmeyr J, Nguyen T, Campódonico L, Landoulsi S, Carroli G, Lindheimer M | title=World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women. | journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol | volume=194 | issue=3 | pages=639-49 | year=2006 | id=PMID 16522392}}</ref>
| | ==[[Pre-eclampsia epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| Aspirin supplementation is still being evaluated as to dosage, timing, and population and may provide a slight preventative benefit in some women, however significant research has been done on aspirin and the results thus far are unimpressive.<!--
| | |
| --><ref name="Cochrane2004-Duley">{{cite journal | author=Duley L, Henderson-Smart D, Knight M, King J | title=Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year=2004 | issue=1 | pages=CD004659 | id=PMID 14974075}}</ref>
| | ==[[Pre-eclampsia risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| There is insufficient evidence to recommend either exercise<!--
| | |
| --><ref name="Cochrane2006-Meher-exercise">{{cite journal | author=Meher S, Duley L | title=Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | month=Apr 19 | year=2006 | issue=2 | pages=CD005942 | id=PMID 16625645}}</ref><!--
| | ==[[Pre-eclampsia screening|Screening]]== |
| --> or bedrest<!--
| | |
| --><ref name="Cochrane2006-Meher-rest">{{cite journal | author=Meher S, Duley L | title=Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | month=Apr 19 | year=2006 | issue=2 | pages=CD005939 | id=PMID 16625644}}</ref><!--
| | ==[[Pre-eclampsia natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| --> as preventative measures. Studies of protein/calorie supplementation have found no effect on preeclampsia rates, and dietary protein restriction does not appear to increase preeclampsia rates.<!--
| |
| --><ref name="Cochrane2003-Kramer">{{cite journal | author=Kramer M, Kakuma R | title=Energy and protein intake in pregnancy. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year=2003 | issue=4 | pages=CD000032 | id=PMID 14583907}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| It has been suggested that fellatio may, through "immune modulation", have a beneficial role in preventing dangerous complications during pregnancy. Specifically, a research group reported that pre-eclampsia, a life threatening complication that sometimes arises in pregnancy, is much less frequent in couples who have practiced oral sex, and even more rare in couples where fellatio ended with the semen swallowed. Both results were statistically significant. This is consistent with other evidence that semen contains an agent that prevents preeclampsia, and with the theory that preeclampsia is an immunological condition. According to that view, preeclampsia is caused by a failure of the mother organism to accept the fetus and placenta, which both contain "foreign" proteins from the father's genes. Regular exposure to the father's semen might cause her immune system to gradually "grow accustomed" to their proteins. Other studies also found that, while any exposure to the partner's sperm during sex appears to decrease the chances of various disorders, women in couples who have practiced "other sex acts" than intercourse are half as likely to suffer pre-eclampsia. It is not known whether this represents a protective effect of "other sex acts" including oral sex, or a correlation between these sexual practices and some other protective factor: for example, greater overall frequency of sex. The standard way to resolve such questions (confounding) in medical science would be through a randomized trial, but there are unique challenges to research in sexual health.
| | ==Diagnosis== |
|
| |
|
| When reporting the findings of the first research group mentioned above, New Scientist magazine thought it worth mentioning that some of the research team were women (including the lead author). Candidates for a protective agent in semen may include serum hormone leutinizing agent and transforming growth factor beta.[verification needed]
| | [[Pre-eclampsia history and symptoms|History and Symptoms ]] | [[ Pre-eclampsia physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Pre-eclampsia laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Pre-eclampsia echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Pre-eclampsia other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Pre-eclampsia other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==Treatment== |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| | [[Pre-eclampsia medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Pre-eclampsia surgery |Surgery]] | [[Pre-eclampsia primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Pre-eclampsia secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Pre-eclampsia cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Pre-eclampsia future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
|
| |
|
| ==Additional Resources== | | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Pre-eclampsia case study one|Case #1]] |
|
| |
|
| * {{GPnotebook|395968546}}
| | ==External Links== |
| * [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/hyperten_preg/ NIH Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy] | | * [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/hyperten_preg/ NIH Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy] |
| * {{cite journal |author=Milne F, Redman C, Walker J, ''et al'' |title=The pre-eclampsia community guideline (PRECOG): how to screen for and detect onset of pre-eclampsia in the community |journal=BMJ |volume=330 |issue=7491 |pages=576-80 |year=2005 |pmid=15760998 |doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7491.576 |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/bmj;330/7491/576}}
| |
| * {{cite news | last=Groopman | first=Jerome | title=The Preeclampsia Puzzle | publisher=The New Yorker | date=[[2006-07-24]] | accessdate=2007-09-16 | url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/07/24/060724fa_fact?printable=true}}
| |
|
| |
| <br>
| |
|
| |
|
| {{Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium}} | | {{Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium}} |