Pericarditis classification

Revision as of 04:55, 4 December 2019 by Homa Najafi (talk | contribs)
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hardik Patel, M.D. Homa Najafi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Pericarditis may be classified according to the composition of the inflammatory exudate into 6 subtypes: serous, purulent, fibrinous, caseous, hemorrhagic, and post-infarction or Dressler's syndrome. Pericarditis can also be classified into acute and chronic forms, depending on the timing of presentation and duration.

Classification

Pericarditis can be classified according to the composition of the inflammatory exudate or the composition of the fluid that accumulates around the heart. Types include:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pericarditis classification based on etiology
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Infectious causes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-infectious causes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Viral:

Enteroviruses (coxsackieviruses, echoviruses)

Herpes viruses (EBV, CMV, HHV-6)

Adenoviruses

Parvovirus B19
 
Bacterial:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Coxiella burnetii

Borrelia burgdorferi
 
Fungal:

Histoplasma species

Aspergillus species

Blastomyces species

Candida species
 
Parasitic:

Echinococcus species

Toxoplasma species
 
Autoimmune:

Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases

Systemic vasculitides

Sarcoidosis

Familial Mediterranean fever

IBD

Still disease
 
 
Neoplastic:

Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma)

Secondary metastatic tumours ( lung and breast cancer, lymphoma).
 
Metabolic:

Uraemia

Myxoedema

Anorexia nervosa
 
Traumatic and Iatrogenic
 
Drug-related
 
Others:

Amyloidosis

Aortic dissection

Pulmonary arterial

Hypertension

Chronic heart failure

Congenital absence of the pericardium

Acute Versus Chronic Pericarditis

Depending on the timing of presentation and duration, pericarditis can be classified into "acute" and "chronic" forms. Clinically, acute pericarditis presents between 6 weeks to 6 months of the disease onset; subacute pericarditis presents within 6 weeks to 6 months of the disease onset, and chronic pericarditis manifests after 6 months of the disease onset. Acute pericarditis is more common than chronic pericarditis, and often occurs as a complication of viral infections, immunologic conditions, or as a result of a heart attack (myocardial infarction). Chronic pericarditis is less common. It may manifest as scarring of the pericardium, which is a condition known as constrictive pericarditis.

References