Lung cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Smoking is the most important risk factor for the development of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer is significantly higher among individuals who are active smokers, passive smokers, and even e-cigarette smokers. Similar risks are demonstrated for other forms of smoking (e.g. hookah smoking). Other risk factors include a positive family history for lung cancers and exposure to radon, asbestos, arsenic, and other chemical carcinogens. | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. | ===Smoking=== | ||
*Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. | |||
*Both active and passive smoking are associated with increased risk of lung cancer. | |||
*The risk of lung cancer is associated with increased quantity of cigarette smoking as well as increased duration of smoking. | |||
*There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. | |||
*Recently introduced e-cigarrettes, which were thought to be risk-free were recently demonstrated to be also associated with a significantly increased risk of lung cancer due to the presence of formaldehyde.<ref name="pmid25607446">{{cite journal| author=Jensen RP, Luo W, Pankow JF, Strongin RM, Peyton DH| title=Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 4 | pages= 392-4 | pmid=25607446 | doi=10.1056/NEJMc1413069 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25607446 }} </ref> | |||
*In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women).<ref name="Samet2">{{cite journal | last =Samet | first =JM | coauthors =Wiggins CL, Humble CG, Pathak DR | title =Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico | journal =American Review of Respiratory Disease | volume =137 | issue =5 | pages =1110–1113 | date =May 1988 | pmid =3264122 }}</ref>*There is approximately a 20 year lag period between smoking and death due to lung cancer (in men). Shown below is an image depicting the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. | |||
[[File:Cancer smoking lung cancer correlation from NIH.svg|frame|The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking. Source: NIH.|left]] | |||
<br clear="left"/> | |||
===Air Pollution=== | |||
*Emissions from automobiles, factories, and power plants are thought to pose potential risks.<ref name="Parent">{{cite journal | last =Parent | first =ME | coauthors = Rousseau MC, Boffetta P et al. | title =Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer | journal =American Journal of Epidemiology | volume =165 | issue =1 | pages =53–62 | date =Jan 2007 | pmid = 17062632 }}</ref> | |||
===Family History of Lung Cancer=== | |||
*Family history of lung cancer may increase the risk of lung cancer. However, a positive family history is not as important as a risk factor compared to smoking. | |||
===Radiation Therapy to the Chest=== | |||
* | *A history of radiation therapy to the chest increases the risk of lung cancer due to the development of cellular damage and DNA mutations. | ||
===Radon Exposure=== | |||
*Radon gas (home basements) > 4 pCi/L<ref name="EPA radon">{{cite web | last =EPA |authorlink =United States Environmental Protection Agency | title =Radiation information: radon | publisher =EPA | date =Oct 2006 |url =http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/radon.htm | accessdate =2007-08-11 }}</ref> | |||
*In USA, high concentrations of radon are reported in Iowa | |||
===Asbestos Exposure=== | |||
*Asbestos particles often reside in the lungs and cause a state of chronic inflammation that prediposes to the development of lung cancer. | |||
=== | ===Exposure to Other Chemical Carcinogens=== | ||
*Arsenic in drinking water | |||
*Uranium | |||
*Beryllium | |||
*Vinyl chloride | |||
*Nickel chromates | |||
*Coal products | |||
*Mustard gas | |||
*Chloromethyl ethers | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Revision as of 21:43, 3 August 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kim-Son H. Nguyen, M.D., M.P.A., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Smoking is the most important risk factor for the development of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer is significantly higher among individuals who are active smokers, passive smokers, and even e-cigarette smokers. Similar risks are demonstrated for other forms of smoking (e.g. hookah smoking). Other risk factors include a positive family history for lung cancers and exposure to radon, asbestos, arsenic, and other chemical carcinogens.
Risk Factors
Smoking
- Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.
- Both active and passive smoking are associated with increased risk of lung cancer.
- The risk of lung cancer is associated with increased quantity of cigarette smoking as well as increased duration of smoking.
- There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk.
- Recently introduced e-cigarrettes, which were thought to be risk-free were recently demonstrated to be also associated with a significantly increased risk of lung cancer due to the presence of formaldehyde.[1]
- In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women).[2]*There is approximately a 20 year lag period between smoking and death due to lung cancer (in men). Shown below is an image depicting the correlation between smoking and lung cancer.
Air Pollution
- Emissions from automobiles, factories, and power plants are thought to pose potential risks.[3]
Family History of Lung Cancer
- Family history of lung cancer may increase the risk of lung cancer. However, a positive family history is not as important as a risk factor compared to smoking.
Radiation Therapy to the Chest
- A history of radiation therapy to the chest increases the risk of lung cancer due to the development of cellular damage and DNA mutations.
Radon Exposure
- Radon gas (home basements) > 4 pCi/L[4]
- In USA, high concentrations of radon are reported in Iowa
Asbestos Exposure
- Asbestos particles often reside in the lungs and cause a state of chronic inflammation that prediposes to the development of lung cancer.
Exposure to Other Chemical Carcinogens
- Arsenic in drinking water
- Uranium
- Beryllium
- Vinyl chloride
- Nickel chromates
- Coal products
- Mustard gas
- Chloromethyl ethers
References
- ↑ Jensen RP, Luo W, Pankow JF, Strongin RM, Peyton DH (2015). "Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols". N Engl J Med. 372 (4): 392–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1413069. PMID 25607446.
- ↑ Samet, JM (May 1988). "Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico". American Review of Respiratory Disease. 137 (5): 1110–1113. PMID 3264122. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Parent, ME (Jan 2007). "Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer". American Journal of Epidemiology. 165 (1): 53–62. PMID 17062632. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ EPA (Oct 2006). "Radiation information: radon". EPA. Retrieved 2007-08-11.