Ileus causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Ileus can be caused by both mechanical obstructions and non-mechanical obstructions.
Common causes of ileus include surgery (major abdominal non-abdominal operations), metabolic and electrolyte disturbances (hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia), endocrinological disorders (such as diabetes, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency), systemic disorders (such as myocardial infarction, pneumonia , renal failure) trauma, sepsis, drugs (such as opiates, anticholinergic agents, autonomic blockers, [[tricyclic antidepressants]] and general anesthesia).


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common causes==
===Common causes==
Sepsis
Drugs (eg, anesthesia, opioids, psychotropics, anticholinergics, antacids, warfarin, amitriptyline, chlorpromazine)
Endocrine disorders (eg, diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism)
Metabolic (eg, low potassium, magnesium, or sodium levels;  anemia; uremia; hyposmolality)
Cardiopulmonary failure (eg, myocardial infarction)
Pneumonia
Trauma (eg, fractured ribs, fractured spine)
Biliary and renal colic
Neurosurgical procedures, spinal cord and head injuries
Intra-abdominal inflammation and  peritonitis
Retroperitoneal and mediastinal pathology (eg, hematomas, infections)
*Major abdominal non-abdominal operations
*Intra and extra abdominal infection
*Extra-abdominal infection, e.g. systemic sepsis, pneumonia
*Peritonitis, e.g. anastomotic leak, bile peritonitis, perforated viscus
*Retroperitoneal abscesss, e.g. pancreatitis, retroperitoneal
hemorrhage, ureterolithiasis
*Metabolic and electrolyte disturbances, e.g. hypokalemia,
hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia
*Drugs, e.g. opiates, anticholinergic agents, autonomic blockers,
psychotropic agents, general anesthesia
Renal failure
*Spinal or orthopedic injury
*Diabetic coma
*Hypoparathyroidism
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
* Acute [[pancreatitis]]
* Acute [[pancreatitis]]
Line 44: Line 15:
* [[Pancreatitis]]
* [[Pancreatitis]]
* [[Peritonitis]]
* [[Peritonitis]]
* Postoperative
* [[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
* [[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
* [[Mesenteric infarction]]
* [[Mesenteric infarction]]
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===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Heart Attack]]
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Heart Attack]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Lead poisoning]], [[Thallium]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Lead poisoning]], [[Thallium]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|Anticholinergic drugs, [[Acetaminophen and Oxycodone]], [[Antihistamines]], [[Benzatropine]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Ioxilan]],[[Lanthanum carbonate]], [[Loperamide]], [[meclofenamate]],[[Meropenem]], [[Morphine]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Opiates]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Vinblastine]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |Anticholinergic drugs, [[Acetaminophen and Oxycodone]], [[Antihistamines]], [[Benzatropine]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Ioxilan]],[[Lanthanum carbonate]], [[Loperamide]], [[meclofenamate]],[[Meropenem]], [[Morphine]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Opiates]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Vinblastine]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Diabetic]] [[coma]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Diabetic]] [[coma]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|Adenomatous polyps, [[Annular pancreas]], [[Appendicitis]], [[Atresia]], Biliary calculus, [[Cholecystitis]], [[Cholecystolithiasis]], [[Colon Cancer]], Complications of intra-abdominal surgery, [[Congenital megacolon]], [[Crohn's Disease]], Diverticular [[stricture]], [[Diverticulitis]], [[Gallstone ileus]], [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]], [[Hematoma]] of the bowel wall, [[Hemoperitoneum]], [[Hernia]], [[Incarcerated hernia]], [[Intestinal ischaemia]], Intrabdominal [[hematoma]], [[intussusception ]], [[Megacolon]], [[Mesenteric infarction]], [[Mesenteric ischemia]], Multiple polyposis syndromes, [[Superior mesenteric artery]] occlusion, Ulcer perforation, [[Ulcerative colitis]], [[Volvulus]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |Adenomatous polyps, [[Annular pancreas]], [[Appendicitis]], [[Atresia]], Biliary calculus, [[Cholecystitis]], [[Cholecystolithiasis]], [[Colon Cancer]], Complications of intra-abdominal surgery, [[Congenital megacolon]], [[Crohn's Disease]], Diverticular [[stricture]], [[Diverticulitis]], [[Gallstone ileus]], [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]], [[Hematoma]] of the bowel wall, [[Hemoperitoneum]], [[Hernia]], [[Incarcerated hernia]], [[Intestinal ischaemia]], Intrabdominal [[hematoma]], [[intussusception ]] , [[Megacolon]], [[Mesenteric infarction]], [[Mesenteric ischemia]], Multiple polyposis syndromes, [[Superior mesenteric artery]] occlusion, Ulcer perforation, [[Ulcerative colitis]], [[Volvulus]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hirschprung's disease]], [[Imperforate anus]], Malrotation, [[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hirschprung's disease]], [[Imperforate anus]], Malrotation, [[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Lymphoma]], [[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Lymphoma]], [[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|Abdominal [[surgery]], [[adhesions]], [[Anastomotic]] leaks, [[Joint]] or [[spine]] surgery, [[Laparotomy]], Postoperative, [[Surgery]] complication, Surgical [[anastomosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |Abdominal [[surgery]], [[adhesions]], [[Anastomotic]] leaks, [[Joint]] or [[spine]] surgery, [[Laparotomy]], Postoperative, [[Surgery]] complication, Surgical [[anastomosis]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[ Peritonitis ]], Abdominal [[infections]], Abdominopelvic [[abscess]], Ascariades, [[Botulism]], [[Infections]], Intrabdominal [[abscess]], intraperitoneal [[infection]], [[Osteomyelitis]] of the [[spine]], [[Pancreatitis]], Perinephric [[abscess]], [[Peritonitis]], [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Psoas]] [[abscess]], [[Sepsis]], Severe generalized [[infections ]], [[Tuberculosis]], Urosepsis
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[ Peritonitis ]] , Abdominal [[infections]], Abdominopelvic [[abscess]], Ascariades, [[Botulism]], [[Infections]], Intrabdominal [[abscess]], intraperitoneal [[infection]], [[Osteomyelitis]] of the [[spine]], [[Pancreatitis]], Perinephric [[abscess]], [[Peritonitis]], [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Psoas]] [[abscess]], [[Sepsis]], Severe generalized [[infections ]] , [[Tuberculosis]], Urosepsis
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Spinal cord]] inflammation, [[Spinal cord injury]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Spinal cord]] inflammation, [[Spinal cord injury]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Endometriosis]], [[Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis]], [[Pregnancy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Endometriosis]], [[Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis]], [[Pregnancy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cancer]], [[Peritoneal carcinomatosis]], [[Sarcoma]], [[lymphoma]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cancer]], [[Peritoneal carcinomatosis]], [[Sarcoma]], [[lymphoma]]  
|
|
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Mechanical ventilation]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mechanical ventilation]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acid-base imbalance disturbance]], [[Hypokalaemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]],  [[Kidney diseases]], [[Pyelonephritis]], [[Renal colic]],
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acid-base imbalance disturbance]], [[Hypokalaemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]],  [[Kidney diseases]], [[Pyelonephritis]], [[Renal colic]],
[[Uremia]]
[[Uremia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Connective tissue disease]], [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], [[Scleroderma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Connective tissue disease]], [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], [[Scleroderma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|Injury or trauma to abdomin , Injury to the abdominal blood supply , Penetrating wounds
| bgcolor="Beige" |Injury or trauma to abdomin , Injury to the abdominal blood supply , Penetrating wounds
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Apoplexy]], [[Burns]], [[Cysts]], Disorders that affect muscle function, [[foreign bodies ]], [[Radiation]] induced [[stenosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Apoplexy]], [[Burns]], [[Cysts]], Disorders that affect muscle function, [[foreign bodies ]] , [[Radiation]] induced [[stenosis]]
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 15:24, 5 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Common causes of ileus include surgery (major abdominal non-abdominal operations), metabolic and electrolyte disturbances (hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia), endocrinological disorders (such as diabetes, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency), systemic disorders (such as myocardial infarction, pneumonia , renal failure) trauma, sepsis, drugs (such as opiates, anticholinergic agents, autonomic blockers, tricyclic antidepressants and general anesthesia).

Causes

=Common causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Heart Attack
Chemical/Poisoning Lead poisoning, Thallium
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Anticholinergic drugs, Acetaminophen and Oxycodone, Antihistamines, Benzatropine, Ixabepilone, Ioxilan,Lanthanum carbonate, Loperamide, meclofenamate,Meropenem, Morphine, Olanzapine, Opiates, Pramipexole, Vinblastine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Diabetic coma, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hyperparathyroidism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Adenomatous polyps, Annular pancreas, Appendicitis, Atresia, Biliary calculus, Cholecystitis, Cholecystolithiasis, Colon Cancer, Complications of intra-abdominal surgery, Congenital megacolon, Crohn's Disease, Diverticular stricture, Diverticulitis, Gallstone ileus, Gastrointestinal bleeding, Hematoma of the bowel wall, Hemoperitoneum, Hernia, Incarcerated hernia, Intestinal ischaemia, Intrabdominal hematoma, intussusception , Megacolon, Mesenteric infarction, Mesenteric ischemia, Multiple polyposis syndromes, Superior mesenteric artery occlusion, Ulcer perforation, Ulcerative colitis, Volvulus
Genetic Hirschprung's disease, Imperforate anus, Malrotation, Meckel's Diverticulum
Hematologic Lymphoma, Retroperitoneal hematoma
Iatrogenic Abdominal surgery, adhesions, Anastomotic leaks, Joint or spine surgery, Laparotomy, Postoperative, Surgery complication, Surgical anastomosis
Infectious Disease Peritonitis , Abdominal infections, Abdominopelvic abscess, Ascariades, Botulism, Infections, Intrabdominal abscess, intraperitoneal infection, Osteomyelitis of the spine, Pancreatitis, Perinephric abscess, Peritonitis, Pneumatosis intestinalis, Pneumonia, Psoas abscess, Sepsis, Severe generalized infections , Tuberculosis, Urosepsis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Spinal cord inflammation, Spinal cord injury
Nutritional/Metabolic Acute intermittent porphyria
Obstetric/Gynecologic Endometriosis, Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, Pregnancy
Oncologic Cancer, Peritoneal carcinomatosis, Sarcoma, lymphoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Mechanical ventilation
Renal/Electrolyte Acid-base imbalance disturbance, Hypokalaemia, Hypomagnesemia, Kidney diseases, Pyelonephritis, Renal colic,

Uremia

Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Connective tissue disease, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Scleroderma
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Injury or trauma to abdomin , Injury to the abdominal blood supply , Penetrating wounds
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Apoplexy, Burns, Cysts, Disorders that affect muscle function, foreign bodies , Radiation induced stenosis

Causes in Alphabetical Order


Causes based on type of obstruction

Mechanical Obstruction

Non-Mechanical Obstruction

Pseudo-Obstruction

  • Aerophagia
  • Functional bowel disease

References

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