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| [[File:Siren.gif|link=hyperkalemia resident survival guide|41x41px]]|| <br> || <br> | |||
| [[Hyperkalemia resident survival guide|Resident <br> Survival <br> Guide]] | |||
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{{Hyperkalemia}} | {{Hyperkalemia}} | ||
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto: | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com] [[Jogeet Singh Sekhon]] | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a [[medical emergency]]. If left untreated hyperkalemia can cause [[Arrhythmia|cardiac rhythm disorders]] and eventually [[Sudden cardiac death|cardiac arrest]] leading to [[death]]. Complications that can develop as a result of hyperkalemia are [[Cardiac arrhythmia|arrhythmia]], [[cardiac arrest]], and [[Muscular weakness|neuromuscular weakness]]. The outcome with this condition varies. In some people, the disorder causes deadly [[complications]], while others tolerate it well. | |||
==Natural History== | |||
* Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a [[medical emergency]] | |||
* If left untreated hyperkalemia can cause [[cardiac rhythm disorders]] and eventually [[cardiac arrest]] leading to death.<ref name="pmid2402122">{{cite journal| author=Conte G, Dal Canton A, Imperatore P, De Nicola L, Gigliotti G, Pisanti N et al.| title=Acute increase in plasma osmolality as a cause of hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1990 | volume= 38 | issue= 2 | pages= 301-7 | pmid=2402122 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2402122 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15924984">{{cite journal| author=Singer M, Coluzzi F, O'Brien A, Clapp LH| title=Reversal of life-threatening, drug-related potassium-channel syndrome by glibenclamide. | journal=Lancet | year= 2005 | volume= 365 | issue= 9474 | pages= 1873-5 | pmid=15924984 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66619-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15924984 }} </ref> | |||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
* [[Arrhythmias]] | *[[Complications]] that can develop as a result of hyperkalemia are <ref name="pmid27939860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kogika MM, de Morais HA |title=A Quick Reference on Hyperkalemia |journal=Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=223–228 |year=2017 |pmid=27939860 |doi=10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.10.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8589279">{{cite journal| author=Allon M| title=Hyperkalemia in end-stage renal disease: mechanisms and management. | journal=J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 1995 | volume= 6 | issue= 4 | pages= 1134-42 | pmid=8589279 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8589279 }} </ref> | ||
* [[Cardiac arrest]] | **[[Arrhythmias]] | ||
* Changes in nerve and muscle (neuromuscular) control | **[[Cardiac arrest]] | ||
** Changes in [[nerve]] and [[muscle]] ([[neuromuscular]]) control resulting in [[weakness]] and [[fatigue]] | |||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The | *The [[prognosis]] of hyperkalemia depends on the duration and the severity of hyperkalemia. The [[mortality rate]] of [[patients]] with hyperkalemia is 14%.<ref name="pmid28778861">{{cite journal| author=Montford JR, Linas S| title=How Dangerous Is Hyperkalemia? | journal=J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2017 | volume= 28 | issue= 11 | pages= 3155-3165 | pmid=28778861 | doi=10.1681/ASN.2016121344 | pmc=5661285 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28778861 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2711969">{{cite journal| author=Chakko SC, Frutchey J, Gheorghiade M| title=Life-threatening hyperkalemia in severe heart failure. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1989 | volume= 117 | issue= 5 | pages= 1083-91 | pmid=2711969 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2711969 }} </ref> | ||
*Hyperacute and severe hyperkalemia have poor [[prognosis]] and the [[mortality rate]] is very high as compared to mild, moderate, acute and chronic hyperkalemia | |||
*[[Prognosis]] of mild, moderate, acute and chronic is generally good if detected in time and the cause corrected. | |||
*The [[prognosis]] worsens as [[potassium]] levels increases. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Needs content]] | |||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | |||
[[Category:Potassium]] | |||
[[Category:Medical emergencies]] | |||
[[Category:Endocrinology]] | |||
[[Category:Nephrology]] | |||
[[Category:Electrolyte disturbance]] | |||
[[Category:Blood tests]] | |||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | |||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
Latest revision as of 22:44, 29 April 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2] Jogeet Singh Sekhon
Overview
Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency. If left untreated hyperkalemia can cause cardiac rhythm disorders and eventually cardiac arrest leading to death. Complications that can develop as a result of hyperkalemia are arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, and neuromuscular weakness. The outcome with this condition varies. In some people, the disorder causes deadly complications, while others tolerate it well.
Natural History
- Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency
- If left untreated hyperkalemia can cause cardiac rhythm disorders and eventually cardiac arrest leading to death.[1][2]
Complications
- Complications that can develop as a result of hyperkalemia are [3][4]
- Arrhythmias
- Cardiac arrest
- Changes in nerve and muscle (neuromuscular) control resulting in weakness and fatigue
Prognosis
- The prognosis of hyperkalemia depends on the duration and the severity of hyperkalemia. The mortality rate of patients with hyperkalemia is 14%.[5][6]
- Hyperacute and severe hyperkalemia have poor prognosis and the mortality rate is very high as compared to mild, moderate, acute and chronic hyperkalemia
- Prognosis of mild, moderate, acute and chronic is generally good if detected in time and the cause corrected.
- The prognosis worsens as potassium levels increases.
References
- ↑ Conte G, Dal Canton A, Imperatore P, De Nicola L, Gigliotti G, Pisanti N; et al. (1990). "Acute increase in plasma osmolality as a cause of hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure". Kidney Int. 38 (2): 301–7. PMID 2402122.
- ↑ Singer M, Coluzzi F, O'Brien A, Clapp LH (2005). "Reversal of life-threatening, drug-related potassium-channel syndrome by glibenclamide". Lancet. 365 (9474): 1873–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66619-6. PMID 15924984.
- ↑ Kogika MM, de Morais HA (2017). "A Quick Reference on Hyperkalemia". Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 47 (2): 223–228. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.10.009. PMID 27939860.
- ↑ Allon M (1995). "Hyperkalemia in end-stage renal disease: mechanisms and management". J Am Soc Nephrol. 6 (4): 1134–42. PMID 8589279.
- ↑ Montford JR, Linas S (2017). "How Dangerous Is Hyperkalemia?". J Am Soc Nephrol. 28 (11): 3155–3165. doi:10.1681/ASN.2016121344. PMC 5661285. PMID 28778861.
- ↑ Chakko SC, Frutchey J, Gheorghiade M (1989). "Life-threatening hyperkalemia in severe heart failure". Am Heart J. 117 (5): 1083–91. PMID 2711969.