Dermatophytosis laboratory findings: Difference between revisions

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=== Specimen collection ===
=== Specimen collection ===
Scrapings should be collected from active margin and transported in a presterilized black chart paper which keeps the specimen dry thus, preventing over growth of [[Bacteria|bacterial]] [[contaminants]]. Tinea capitis may be diagnosed via dermoscopy
Scrapings should be collected from active margin and transported in a presterilized black chart paper which keeps the specimen dry thus, preventing over growth of [[Bacteria|bacterial]] [[contaminants]]. Tinea capitis may be diagnosed via [[dermoscopy]].


=== Direct microscopic examination ===
=== Direct microscopic examination ===
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=== Culture and antifungal sensitivity ===
=== Culture and antifungal sensitivity ===
* [[Agar|Sabouraud dextrose agar]] (SDA, 4% peptone, 1% glucose, agar, water) is the most commonly used isolation [[Culture media|media]] for dermatophytosis and serves as the [[Growth medium|medium]] for fungal growth.<ref name="pmid16479181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ecemis T, Degerli K, Aktas E, Teker A, Ozbakkaloglu B |title=The necessity of culture for the diagnosis of tinea pedis |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=331 |issue=2 |pages=88–90 |year=2006 |pmid=16479181 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1379146">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rezabek GH, Friedman AD |title=Superficial fungal infections of the skin. Diagnosis and current treatment recommendations |journal=Drugs |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=674–82 |year=1992 |pmid=1379146 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22474120" />  
* [[Agar|Sabouraud dextrose agar]] (SDA, 4% peptone, 1% glucose, agar, water) is the most commonly used isolation [[Culture media|media]] for dermatophytosis and serves as the [[Growth medium|medium]] for fungal growth.<ref name="pmid16479181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ecemis T, Degerli K, Aktas E, Teker A, Ozbakkaloglu B |title=The necessity of culture for the diagnosis of tinea pedis |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=331 |issue=2 |pages=88–90 |year=2006 |pmid=16479181 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1379146">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rezabek GH, Friedman AD |title=Superficial fungal infections of the skin. Diagnosis and current treatment recommendations |journal=Drugs |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=674–82 |year=1992 |pmid=1379146 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22474120" />  
* Development of colony takes 7–14 days.  
* The development of colony takes 7–14 days.  
* Modified [[Culture media|culturing techniques]], with addition of [[gentamicin]], [[chloramphenicol]] and [[cycloheximide]] is more selective for dermatophytes, as [[chloramphenicol]] inhibits the growth of saprophytic [[fungus]].  
* Modified [[Culture media|culturing techniques]], with addition of [[gentamicin]], [[chloramphenicol]] and [[cycloheximide]] is more selective for dermatophytes, as [[chloramphenicol]] inhibits the growth of saprophytic [[fungus]].  
* Dermatophyte test [[Culture medium|medium]] is an alternative to isolation [[Culture media|media]] that contain pH indicator [[phenol red]]. It is [[Incubation period|incubated]] at room temperature for 5–14 days.  
* Dermatophyte test [[Culture medium|medium]] is an alternative to isolation [[Culture media|media]] that contain pH indicator [[phenol red]]. It is [[Incubation period|incubated]] at room temperature for 5–14 days.  
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=== Dermoscopy ===
=== Dermoscopy ===
* [[Tinea capitis]] may show:<ref name="pmid25471133">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lacarrubba F, Verzì AE, Micali G |title=Newly described features resulting from high-magnification dermoscopy of tinea capitis |journal=JAMA Dermatol |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=308–10 |year=2015 |pmid=25471133 |doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.3313 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25728878">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arrazola-Guerrero J, Isa-Isa R, Torres-Guerrero E, Arenas R |title=[Tinea capitis. Dermoscopic findings in 37 patients] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Iberoam Micol |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=242–6 |year=2015 |pmid=25728878 |doi=10.1016/j.riam.2014.09.002 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Tinea capitis]] may show:<ref name="pmid25471133">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lacarrubba F, Verzì AE, Micali G |title=Newly described features resulting from high-magnification dermoscopy of tinea capitis |journal=JAMA Dermatol |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=308–10 |year=2015 |pmid=25471133 |doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.3313 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25728878">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arrazola-Guerrero J, Isa-Isa R, Torres-Guerrero E, Arenas R |title=[Tinea capitis. Dermoscopic findings in 37 patients] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Iberoam Micol |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=242–6 |year=2015 |pmid=25728878 |doi=10.1016/j.riam.2014.09.002 |url=}}</ref>
** Comma hairs, which are slightly curved, fractured hair shafts.
** Comma hairs, which are slightly curved, fractured hair shafts
** Corkscrew hair shave.
** Corkscrew hair
** Broken hair.
** Broken hair  
* [[Tinea corporis]] may show:  
* [[Tinea corporis]] may show:  
** Involvement of [[vellus hair]]
** Involvement of [[vellus hair]]
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 21:18, 29 July 2020

Overview

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of dermatophytosis include KOH preparation showing refractile, long, smooth, undulating, branching, and septate hyphal filaments with or without arthroconidiospores; culture and sensitivity may yield the diagnosis but it takes 7-14 days for colony growth; hemotoxylin and eosin stain may be used in diagnosis of Majocchi's granuloma in which KOH examination of scale may be false negative. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing may be used to identify various dermatophytic infections and even help in evaluating drug resistances of different species of dermatophytes.

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Laboratory Findings

Specimen collection

Scrapings should be collected from active margin and transported in a presterilized black chart paper which keeps the specimen dry thus, preventing over growth of bacterial contaminants. Tinea capitis may be diagnosed via dermoscopy.

Direct microscopic examination

  • Treatment of skin specimen with 10–20 percent potassium hydroxide (KOH) is a convenient bedside tool to provide evidence of dermatophytic infection.[1]
  • Positive scrapings are characterized by:
  • Fluorescent staining of the cell wall is the most sensitive method to microscopically detect fungi in skin scales as well as in specimens from nails and hair.

Culture and antifungal sensitivity

Hematoxylin and eosin staining

Dermoscopy

Polymerase chain reaction and nucleic acid sequence based amplification

These tests not only help in the rapid and early diagnosis of infection but also help in determining drug resistance, and include:[9][10][11]

  • Uniplex PCR for direct dermatophyte detection in clinical samples:
    • A PCR for the direct detection of dermatophytes in skin scales may be used for diagnosis. PCR-ELISA assay separately identifies numerous dermatophyte species.
  • Multiplex PCR for fungal detection in dermatophytes:

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Kelly BP (2012). "Superficial fungal infections". Pediatr Rev. 33 (4): e22–37. doi:10.1542/pir.33-4-e22. PMID 22474120.
  2. Ecemis T, Degerli K, Aktas E, Teker A, Ozbakkaloglu B (2006). "The necessity of culture for the diagnosis of tinea pedis". Am. J. Med. Sci. 331 (2): 88–90. PMID 16479181.
  3. Rezabek GH, Friedman AD (1992). "Superficial fungal infections of the skin. Diagnosis and current treatment recommendations". Drugs. 43 (5): 674–82. PMID 1379146.
  4. Al-Amiri A, Chatrath V, Bhawan J, Stefanato CM (2003). "The periodic acid-Schiff stain in diagnosing tinea: should it be used routinely in inflammatory skin diseases?". J. Cutan. Pathol. 30 (10): 611–5. PMID 14744085.
  5. Bressan AL, Silva RS, Fonseca JC, Alves Mde F (2011). "Majocchi's granuloma". An Bras Dermatol. 86 (4): 797–8. PMID 21987154.
  6. Feng WW, Chen HC, Chen HC (2006). "Majocchi's granuloma in a 3-year-old boy". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25 (7): 658–9. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000224312.87417.fc. PMID 16804445.
  7. Lacarrubba F, Verzì AE, Micali G (2015). "Newly described features resulting from high-magnification dermoscopy of tinea capitis". JAMA Dermatol. 151 (3): 308–10. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.3313. PMID 25471133.
  8. Arrazola-Guerrero J, Isa-Isa R, Torres-Guerrero E, Arenas R (2015). "[Tinea capitis. Dermoscopic findings in 37 patients]". Rev Iberoam Micol (in Spanish; Castilian). 32 (4): 242–6. doi:10.1016/j.riam.2014.09.002. PMID 25728878.
  9. Miyajima Y, Satoh K, Uchida T, Yamada T, Abe M, Watanabe S, Makimura M, Makimura K (2013). "Rapid real-time diagnostic PCR for Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in patients with tinea unguium and tinea pedis using specific fluorescent probes". J. Dermatol. Sci. 69 (3): 229–35. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.11.589. PMID 23287391.
  10. Sahoo AK, Mahajan R (2016). "Management of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis: A comprehensive review". Indian Dermatol Online J. 7 (2): 77–86. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.178099. PMC 4804599. PMID 27057486.
  11. Spiliopoulou A, Bartzavali C, Jelastopulu E, Anastassiou ED, Christofidou M (2015). "Evaluation of a commercial PCR test for the diagnosis of dermatophyte nail infections". J. Med. Microbiol. 64 (Pt 1): 25–31. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.079962-0. PMID 25418736.

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