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==Overview==
Coccidioidomycosis is usually a self-limited mild clinical illness. A large proportion of individuals are clinically infected without any manifestations and are thus completely asymptomatic. The remaining develop a mild [[pulmonary illness]] which in most cases is self-limited requiring no treatment, and even those cases which do require treatment have an excellent prognosis. The mortality rate is currently <0.07%. If left untreated in patients with weakened [[immune systems]],  the [[infection]] spreads throughout the body. The clinical picture may be complicated due to widespread dissemination of the [[organism]] leading to a number of complications  [[pleural effusion]], [[relapse]], pyopneumothorax, [[hemoptysis]], and [[pleuritic chest pain]], [[synovitis]] and [[osteomyelitis]].


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==Natural History==
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]] is usually a self-limited mild clinical illness.
*A large proportion of individuals are clinically infected without any manifestations and are thus completely asymptomatic.
*The remaining develop a mild pulmonary illness which in most cases is self-limited requiring no treatment, and even those cases which do require treatment have an excellent prognosis.
*It is often misdiagnosed as [[community-acquired pneumonia]]. There are several [[cutaneous]] manifestations such as [[erythema multiforme]] and [[erythema nodosum]], it may even cause [[arthritis]] and [[arthralgias]].
*If left untreated in patients with weakened [[immune systems]], the [[infection]] spreads throughout the [[body]].
*The disseminated form of ''Coccidioidomycosis'' can devastate the body, causing [[skin]] [[ulcers]], [[abscess]]es, [[bone]] [[lesions]], [[Arthritis|swollen joints with severe pain]], [[pericarditis]], [[prostatitis]],[[urinary tract infection]], and [[meningitis|meningitis]], which can lead to death.<ref>Galgiani J. N. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Cecil, Russell L., Lee Goldman, and D. A. Ausiello. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.</ref>


==Complications==
==Complications==
Disseminated coccidioidomycosis is a serious complication that is more likely if you have a weakened immune system due to:
Complications of [[coccidioidomycosis]] include:<ref name="Angelo-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Angelo | first1 = KM. | last2 = Nnedu | first2 = ON. | title = Rare manifestations of coccidioidomycosis. | journal = J La State Med Soc |volume = 165 | issue = 3 | pages = 137-9 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 24015425 }}</ref><ref name="Remesar-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Remesar | first1 = MC. | last2 = Blejer | first2 = JL. | last3 = Negroni | first3 = R. | last4 = Nejamkis | first4 = MR. | title = Experimental coccidioidomycosis in the immunosuppressed rat. | journal = Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 303-7 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 1342086 }}</ref>
* Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy
* [[Pleural effusion]]
* Cancer
* Return of the [[infection]] ([[relapse]])
* Chemotherapy
* [[Meningitis]]
* Diabetes
* [[Pulmonary]] [[cavities]], that may [[rupture]] leading to [[Pneumothorax|pyopneumothroax]], otherwise causing persistent [[cough]], [[hemoptysis]], and [[pleuritic chest pain]]
* Glucocorticoid medications (prednisone)
* [[Synovitis]] and [[osteomyelitis]]
* Heart-lung (cardiopulmonary) conditions
 
* HIV
==Prognosis==
* Organ transplants (and associated medicates)
The prognosis of  Coccidioidomycosis is good in [[immunocompetent]] patients. It is self-limited in most of the patients and recovery is without any complications. The mortality rate is currently <0.07%. Approximately less than 1 % of patients develop disseminated [[coccidioidomycosis]].
* Pregnancy (especially the first trimester)
 
* Other complications of coccidioidomycosis include:
Factors associated with poor prognosis:
* Pleural effusion
*[[HIV AIDS|HIV disease]],with low CD4 count (<250)
* Return of the infection (relapse)
*Late stage [[Pregnancy]]( third trimester)
Medications used to treat this infection may also cause side effects, including fever, chills, and nausea.
*[[Organ transplantation]]
*[[Immunosuppressant therapy]] <ref name="pmid15188373">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergstrom L, Yocum DE, Ampel NM, Villanueva I, Lisse J, Gluck O, Tesser J, Posever J, Miller M, Araujo J, Kageyama DM, Berry M, Karl L, Yung CM |title=Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1959–66 |year=2004 |pmid=15188373 |doi=10.1002/art.20454 |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 21:00, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [2]

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Overview

Coccidioidomycosis is usually a self-limited mild clinical illness. A large proportion of individuals are clinically infected without any manifestations and are thus completely asymptomatic. The remaining develop a mild pulmonary illness which in most cases is self-limited requiring no treatment, and even those cases which do require treatment have an excellent prognosis. The mortality rate is currently <0.07%. If left untreated in patients with weakened immune systems, the infection spreads throughout the body. The clinical picture may be complicated due to widespread dissemination of the organism leading to a number of complications pleural effusion, relapse, pyopneumothorax, hemoptysis, and pleuritic chest pain, synovitis and osteomyelitis.

Natural History

Complications

Complications of coccidioidomycosis include:[2][3]

Prognosis

The prognosis of Coccidioidomycosis is good in immunocompetent patients. It is self-limited in most of the patients and recovery is without any complications. The mortality rate is currently <0.07%. Approximately less than 1 % of patients develop disseminated coccidioidomycosis.

Factors associated with poor prognosis:

References

  1. Galgiani J. N. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Cecil, Russell L., Lee Goldman, and D. A. Ausiello. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.
  2. Angelo, KM.; Nnedu, ON. "Rare manifestations of coccidioidomycosis". J La State Med Soc. 165 (3): 137–9. PMID 24015425.
  3. Remesar, MC.; Blejer, JL.; Negroni, R.; Nejamkis, MR. "Experimental coccidioidomycosis in the immunosuppressed rat". Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 34 (4): 303–7. PMID 1342086.
  4. Bergstrom L, Yocum DE, Ampel NM, Villanueva I, Lisse J, Gluck O, Tesser J, Posever J, Miller M, Araujo J, Kageyama DM, Berry M, Karl L, Yung CM (2004). "Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists". Arthritis Rheum. 50 (6): 1959–66. doi:10.1002/art.20454. PMID 15188373.

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