COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Gerald Chi- (talk | contribs) m (→Symptoms) |
Gerald Chi- (talk | contribs) mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
* However, recent study found 75.4% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia developed [[hematuria]], [[proteinuria]], and [[AKI]]. But, these findings are not significantly different from other critical diseases.<ref name="PeiZhang2020">{{cite journal|last1=Pei|first1=Guangchang|last2=Zhang|first2=Zhiguo|last3=Peng|first3=Jing|last4=Liu|first4=Liu|last5=Zhang|first5=Chunxiu|last6=Yu|first6=Chong|last7=Ma|first7=Zufu|last8=Huang|first8=Yi|last9=Liu|first9=Wei|last10=Yao|first10=Ying|last11=Zeng|first11=Rui|last12=Xu|first12=Gang|title=Renal Involvement and Early Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia|journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology|volume=31|issue=6|year=2020|pages=1157–1165|issn=1046-6673|doi=10.1681/ASN.2020030276}}</ref> | * However, recent study found 75.4% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia developed [[hematuria]], [[proteinuria]], and [[AKI]]. But, these findings are not significantly different from other critical diseases.<ref name="PeiZhang2020">{{cite journal|last1=Pei|first1=Guangchang|last2=Zhang|first2=Zhiguo|last3=Peng|first3=Jing|last4=Liu|first4=Liu|last5=Zhang|first5=Chunxiu|last6=Yu|first6=Chong|last7=Ma|first7=Zufu|last8=Huang|first8=Yi|last9=Liu|first9=Wei|last10=Yao|first10=Ying|last11=Zeng|first11=Rui|last12=Xu|first12=Gang|title=Renal Involvement and Early Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia|journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology|volume=31|issue=6|year=2020|pages=1157–1165|issn=1046-6673|doi=10.1681/ASN.2020030276}}</ref> | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
* Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ([[ACE2]]), which is a primary receptor for [[SARS-CoV-2]] entry into cells, mostly presents in renal tubular epithelial cells as well as lungs and heart.<ref name="MalhaMueller2020">{{cite journal|last1=Malha|first1=Line|last2=Mueller|first2=Franco B.|last3=Pecker|first3=Mark S.|last4=Mann|first4=Samuel J.|last5=August|first5=Phyllis|last6=Feig|first6=Peter U.|title=COVID-19 and the Renin-Angiotensin System|journal=Kidney International Reports|volume=5|issue=5|year=2020|pages=563–565|issn=24680249|doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2020.03.024}}</ref> | * Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ([[ACE2]]), which is a primary receptor for [[SARS-CoV-2]] entry into cells, mostly presents in renal tubular epithelial cells as well as lungs and heart.<ref name="MalhaMueller2020">{{cite journal|last1=Malha|first1=Line|last2=Mueller|first2=Franco B.|last3=Pecker|first3=Mark S.|last4=Mann|first4=Samuel J.|last5=August|first5=Phyllis|last6=Feig|first6=Peter U.|title=COVID-19 and the Renin-Angiotensin System|journal=Kidney International Reports|volume=5|issue=5|year=2020|pages=563–565|issn=24680249|doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2020.03.024}}</ref> | ||
| Line 28: | Line 29: | ||
* The incidence of [[AKI]] in critcally ill patients with [[COVID-19]] is estimated between 27-85%. {{cite web |url=https://www.esicm.org/blog/?p=2789 |title=Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Patients | COVID-19 |format= |work= |accessdate=}} | * The incidence of [[AKI]] in critcally ill patients with [[COVID-19]] is estimated between 27-85%. {{cite web |url=https://www.esicm.org/blog/?p=2789 |title=Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Patients | COVID-19 |format= |work= |accessdate=}} | ||
== Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | == Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
| Line 59: | Line 56: | ||
**Fluid retention, leading [[edema]] and swelling of face and extremities | **Fluid retention, leading [[edema]] and swelling of face and extremities | ||
**Electrolyte imbalance; High level of [[Potassium]] which leads to [[cardiac arrhythmia]] | **Electrolyte imbalance; High level of [[Potassium]] which leads to [[cardiac arrhythmia]] | ||
=== Laboratory Findings === | === Laboratory Findings === | ||
* Laboratory findings of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury include: | |||
==== | **Elevated [[BUN]] level | ||
***Plasma BUN-creatinine ratio> 20 in prerenal [[AKI]] | |||
==== | ***Plasma BUN-creatinine ratio< 15 in renal [[AKI]] or [[Acute Tubular Necrosis]] | ||
**Based on KDIGO definition for the diagnosis of [[AKI]]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal| author=Khwaja A| title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury. | journal=Nephron Clin Pract | year= 2012 | volume= 120 | issue= 4 | pages= c179-84 | pmid=22890468 | doi=10.1159/000339789 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22890468 }} </ref>: | |||
***Elevated serum Creatinine by ≥0.3 mg/dl (≥26.5 μmol/l) within 48 hours; or | |||
***Elevated serum Creatinine to ≥1.5 times baseline within the previous 7 days; or | |||
==== | ***Urine volume < 0.5 ml/kg/h for >6 hours | ||
**Fractional excretion of sodium ([[FENa]]) | |||
***([[FENa]])< 1% in prerenal [[AKI]] | |||
***([[FENa]])> 2% in renal [[AKI]] or [[Acute Tubular Necrosis]] | |||
**Urinary sediment | |||
***Hyaline casts in prerenal [[AKI]] | |||
***Granular or Muddy brown casts in renal [[AKI]] or [[Acute Tubular Necrosis]] | |||
====ECG==== | |||
* There are no specific [[ECG]] findings associated with AKI. However, [[electrolyte]] disturbances such as [[hyperkalemia]] might lead to various [[ECG]] abnormalities. | |||
== Treatment == | == Treatment == | ||
Revision as of 17:10, 25 June 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sogand Goudarzi, MD [2], Nasrin Nikravangolsefid, MD-MPH [3]
Synonyms and keywords: COVID-19-associated AKI
Overview
COVID-19 can involve many organs leading to organ failure, one of which is kidneys that manifest with mild proteinuria to advanced acute kidney injury (AKI).
Historical Perspective
- Early reports from China revealed that COVID-19 rarely involves the kidneys, as acute renal failure was not seen among COVID-19 hospitalized patients and mild BUN or creatinine rise [10.8%] and mild proteinuria [7.2%] occurred. [1]
- However, recent study found 75.4% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia developed hematuria, proteinuria, and AKI. But, these findings are not significantly different from other critical diseases.[2]
Pathophysiology
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is a primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, mostly presents in renal tubular epithelial cells as well as lungs and heart.[3]
- Despite kidney injury following COVID-19 infection is less frequent than severe lung injury, ACE2: ACE ratio is higher in the kidneys compared to the respiratory system. (1:1 in the kidneys VS 1:20 in the respiratory system)[3]
- After SARS-CoV-2 enters through the nasal cavity, it may travel to the kidneys and enters the bloodstream leading to severe inflammatory response activation and cytokine storm.
- It is thought that AKI following COVID-19 is the result of: [3]
- Sepsis
- Hypovolemia and Hypotension
- Hypoxemia
- Blood clots formation, leading to impaired blood flow in the renal arterioles.
Epidemiology and Demographics
- AKI is frequently seen among patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in ICU, with prevalence of 0.6-29% in China "Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Patients | COVID-19". and 22.2% in the USA.[4]
- The incidence of AKI in critcally ill patients with COVID-19 is estimated between 27-85%. "Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Patients | COVID-19".
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- AKI is more likely to develop in the late stages of COVID-19 in critically ill patients.[5]
- Severe COVID-19 pneumonia and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome are associated with developing AKI.[2]
- If no improvement occurs during follow-up, it is contributed to higher mortality.[2]
Diagnosis
Symptoms
- Patients in the early stages of kidney failure may be asymptomatic. If left untreated, patients may progress to develop Azotemia and Uremia, which occur due to the buildup of waste materials in the blood.
- Symptoms of kidney injury include:[6]
Laboratory Findings
- Laboratory findings of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury include:
- Elevated BUN level
- Plasma BUN-creatinine ratio> 20 in prerenal AKI
- Plasma BUN-creatinine ratio< 15 in renal AKI or Acute Tubular Necrosis
- Based on KDIGO definition for the diagnosis of AKI[7]:
- Elevated serum Creatinine by ≥0.3 mg/dl (≥26.5 μmol/l) within 48 hours; or
- Elevated serum Creatinine to ≥1.5 times baseline within the previous 7 days; or
- Urine volume < 0.5 ml/kg/h for >6 hours
- Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa)
- (FENa)< 1% in prerenal AKI
- (FENa)> 2% in renal AKI or Acute Tubular Necrosis
- Urinary sediment
- Hyaline casts in prerenal AKI
- Granular or Muddy brown casts in renal AKI or Acute Tubular Necrosis
- Elevated BUN level
ECG
- There are no specific ECG findings associated with AKI. However, electrolyte disturbances such as hyperkalemia might lead to various ECG abnormalities.
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Acute Pharmacotherapies
Chronic Pharmacotherapies
Surgery and Device Based Therapy
Indications for Surgery
Pre-Operative Assessment
Post-Operative Management
Primary Prevention
Genetic Counseling
References
- ↑ Wang, Luwen; Li, Xun; Chen, Hui; Yan, Shaonan; Li, Dong; Li, Yan; Gong, Zuojiong (2020). "Coronavirus Disease 19 Infection Does Not Result in Acute Kidney Injury: An Analysis of 116 Hospitalized Patients from Wuhan, China". American Journal of Nephrology. 51 (5): 343–348. doi:10.1159/000507471. ISSN 0250-8095.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Pei, Guangchang; Zhang, Zhiguo; Peng, Jing; Liu, Liu; Zhang, Chunxiu; Yu, Chong; Ma, Zufu; Huang, Yi; Liu, Wei; Yao, Ying; Zeng, Rui; Xu, Gang (2020). "Renal Involvement and Early Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 31 (6): 1157–1165. doi:10.1681/ASN.2020030276. ISSN 1046-6673.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Malha, Line; Mueller, Franco B.; Pecker, Mark S.; Mann, Samuel J.; August, Phyllis; Feig, Peter U. (2020). "COVID-19 and the Renin-Angiotensin System". Kidney International Reports. 5 (5): 563–565. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2020.03.024. ISSN 2468-0249.
- ↑ Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW; et al. (2020). "Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area". JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775. PMC 7177629 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32320003 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Ronco C, Reis T, Husain-Syed F (2020). "Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19". Lancet Respir Med. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30229-0. PMC 7255232 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32416769 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Skorecki K, Green J, Brenner BM (2005). "Chronic renal failure". In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1653–63. ISBN 978-0-07-139140-5.
- ↑ Khwaja A (2012). "KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury". Nephron Clin Pract. 120 (4): c179–84. doi:10.1159/000339789. PMID 22890468.