Wild-type (senile) amyloidosis echocardiography and ultrasound
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]
Overview
Echocardiography/Ultrasound
Echocardiography
- Echocardiography is the most frequently used diagnostic modality for cardiomyopathy.
- The most commonly encountered pathology on 2D echocardiography is increased left ventricular thickness (secondary to amyloid fibrils deposition in the extracellular matrix).[1]
- Other echocardiographic findings related to cardiac amyloidosis include:
- Diastolic dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction (hallmark)[2][3]
- Moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction[4]
- Non-specific findings, such as:
- Biatrial enlargement[5][6]
- Thickening of the mitral/aortic leaflets and intra-atrial septum
- Small pericardial effusion
- Moderate pulmonary hypertension
- Intracardiac thrombus
Advanced Echocardiographic Techniques
- Advanced echocardiographic techniques (strain and strain rate imaging) can differentiate cardiomyopathy secondary to amyloidosis from other causes of left ventricular hypertrophy.[7]
- These techniques use vendor specific proprietary software to track the longitudinal shortening of speckles within the 2D image of the left ventricular wall during systole.
- Cardiac amyloidosis is characterized by:
- Greater restriction of basal speckle longitudinal movement compared to apical movement resulting in a relative "apical sparing" pattern of longitudinal strain with bulls-eye plot.[8]
Ejection Fraction Global Longitudinal Strain Ratio (EFSR)
- EFSR is calculated by ratio of left ventricular ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain.[9]
- In regards to the evaluation of cardiac amyloidosis, EFSR has approximately 90% and 92% sensitivity and specificity, respectively.
References
- ↑ Ilia G. Halatchev, Jingsheng Zheng & Jiafu Ou (2018). "Wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTRwt-CA), previously known as senile cardiac amyloidosis: clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and emerging therapies". Journal of thoracic disease. 10 (3): 2034–2045. doi:10.21037/jtd.2018.03.134. PMID 29707360. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Wendy Tsang & Roberto M. Lang (2010). "Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac amyloid". Current cardiology reports. 12 (3): 272–276. doi:10.1007/s11886-010-0108-7. PMID 20424972. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Diego Bellavia, Patricia A. Pellikka, Theodore P. Abraham, Ghormallah B. Al-Zahrani, Angela Dispenzieri, Jae K. Oh, Kent R. Bailey, Christina M. Wood, Martha Q. Lacy, Chinami Miyazaki & Fletcher A. Jr Miller (2008). "Evidence of impaired left ventricular systolic function by Doppler myocardial imaging in patients with systemic amyloidosis and no evidence of cardiac involvement by standard two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography". The American journal of cardiology. 101 (7): 1039–1045. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.11.047. PMID 18359328. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Claudio Rapezzi, Giampaolo Merlini, Candida C. Quarta, Letizia Riva, Simone Longhi, Ornella Leone, Fabrizio Salvi, Paolo Ciliberti, Francesca Pastorelli, Elena Biagini, Fabio Coccolo, Robin M. T. Cooke, Letizia Bacchi-Reggiani, Diego Sangiorgi, Alessandra Ferlini, Michele Cavo, Elena Zamagni, Maria Luisa Fonte, Giovanni Palladini, Francesco Salinaro, Francesco Musca, Laura Obici, Angelo Branzi & Stefano Perlini (2009). "Systemic cardiac amyloidoses: disease profiles and clinical courses of the 3 main types". Circulation. 120 (13): 1203–1212. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.843334. PMID 19752327. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Wendy Tsang & Roberto M. Lang (2010). "Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac amyloid". Current cardiology reports. 12 (3): 272–276. doi:10.1007/s11886-010-0108-7. PMID 20424972. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ DaLi Feng, Imran S. Syed, Matthew Martinez, Jae K. Oh, Allan S. Jaffe, Martha Grogan, William D. Edwards, Morie A. Gertz & Kyle W. Klarich (2009). "Intracardiac thrombosis and anticoagulation therapy in cardiac amyloidosis". Circulation. 119 (18): 2490–2497. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.785014. PMID 19414641. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Ilia G. Halatchev, Jingsheng Zheng & Jiafu Ou (2018). "Wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTRwt-CA), previously known as senile cardiac amyloidosis: clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and emerging therapies". Journal of thoracic disease. 10 (3): 2034–2045. doi:10.21037/jtd.2018.03.134. PMID 29707360. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Dermot Phelan, Patrick Collier, Paaladinesh Thavendiranathan, Zoran B. Popovic, Mazen Hanna, Juan Carlos Plana, Thomas H. Marwick & James D. Thomas (2012). "Relative apical sparing of longitudinal strain using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography is both sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis". Heart (British Cardiac Society). 98 (19): 1442–1448. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302353. PMID 22865865. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Efstathios D. Pagourelias, Oana Mirea, Jurgen Duchenne, Johan Van Cleemput, Michel Delforge, Jan Bogaert, Tatyana Kuznetsova & Jens-Uwe Voigt (2017). "Echo Parameters for Differential Diagnosis in Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Head-to-Head Comparison of Deformation and Nondeformation Parameters". Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging. 10 (3): e005588. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005588. PMID 28298286. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help)