Sandbox:Trusha: Difference between revisions
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! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Class''' | ! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Class''' | ||
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Disease''' | ! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Disease''' | ||
! rowspan="3" |Etiology | |||
! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Clinical presentation | ! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Clinical presentation | ||
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Paraclinical findings | ! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Paraclinical findings | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |''' | ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''General symptoms''' | ||
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | | ! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Mediastinal syndrome | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dyspnea/ | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dyspnea/ | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thymoma|'''Thymoma''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thymoma|'''Thymoma''']] | ||
<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref> | <ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| | |||
* [[Human foamy virus]] | |||
* [[Epstein-Barr virus]] | |||
* Human T-cell lymphotropic virus | |||
* [[MEN 1 syndrome]] | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Cough]] | * [[Cough]] | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]]: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]]: | ||
* [[Epithelium|Epithelial cells]] | * [[Epithelium|Epithelial cells]] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Fatty mass''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Fatty mass''' | ||
<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22021525">{{cite journal |vauthors=Molinari F, Bankier AA, Eisenberg RL |title=Fat-containing lesions in adult thoracic imaging |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=197 |issue=5 |pages=W795–813 |date=November 2011 |pmid=22021525 |doi=10.2214/AJR.11.6932 |url=}}</ref> | <ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22021525">{{cite journal |vauthors=Molinari F, Bankier AA, Eisenberg RL |title=Fat-containing lesions in adult thoracic imaging |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=197 |issue=5 |pages=W795–813 |date=November 2011 |pmid=22021525 |doi=10.2214/AJR.11.6932 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| | |||
* Steroid use | |||
* Cushing's syndrome | |||
* Obeses | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Mostly asymptomatic | * Mostly asymptomatic | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |MRI: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |MRI: | ||
* Well-defined encapsulated mas | * Well-defined encapsulated mas | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|'''Non-Hodgkin lymphoma''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|'''Non-Hodgkin lymphoma''']] | ||
<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26174528">{{cite journal| author=Sandlund JT| title=Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children. | journal=Curr Hematol Malig Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 237-43 | pmid=26174528 | doi=10.1007/s11899-015-0277-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26174528 }}</ref><ref name="pmid28153383">{{cite journal| author=Armitage JO, Gascoyne RD, Lunning MA, Cavalli F| title=Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. | journal=Lancet | year= 2017 | volume= 390 | issue= 10091 | pages= 298-310 | pmid=28153383 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32407-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28153383 }}</ref> | <ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26174528">{{cite journal| author=Sandlund JT| title=Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children. | journal=Curr Hematol Malig Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 237-43 | pmid=26174528 | doi=10.1007/s11899-015-0277-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26174528 }}</ref><ref name="pmid28153383">{{cite journal| author=Armitage JO, Gascoyne RD, Lunning MA, Cavalli F| title=Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. | journal=Lancet | year= 2017 | volume= 390 | issue= 10091 | pages= 298-310 | pmid=28153383 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32407-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28153383 }}</ref> | ||
| | |||
* Age (above 60 years) | |||
* Caucasians > African and Asian Americans | |||
* Positive family history of first degree relative | |||
* B-cell activating autoimmune disorders | |||
* Radiation exposure | |||
* Infections | |||
(HIV, Hep C, HTLV-1, EBV, HHV-8, H. pylori, psittacosis, Campylobacter jejuni) | |||
* Previous cancer treatment | |||
* Exposure to chemicals and drugs | |||
(pesticides, methotrexate, TNF inhibitors, trichloroethylene) | |||
* Cigarette smoking for ≥ 40 years | |||
* BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | |||
* Diet | |||
* Hair dyes | |||
* Breast implants | |||
* | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Painless [[lymphadenopathy]] | * Painless [[lymphadenopathy]] | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/- | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/- | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/- | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/- | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Excisional lymph node biopsy with immunohistochemical study | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Excisional lymph node biopsy with immunohistochemical study | ||
* CD 20+ cells | * CD 20+ cells | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Teratoma|'''Teratoma''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Teratoma|'''Teratoma''']] | ||
<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24426558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yalagachin GH |title=Anterior mediastinal teratoma- a case report with review of literature |journal=Indian J Surg |volume=75 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=182–4 |date=June 2013 |pmid=24426558 |doi=10.1007/s12262-012-0569-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26251691">{{cite journal |vauthors=No TH, Seol SH, Seo GW, Kim DI, Yang SY, Jeong CH, Hwang YH, Kim JY |title=Benign Mature Teratoma in Anterior Mediastinum |journal=J Clin Med Res |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=726–8 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26251691 |pmc=4522994 |doi=10.14740/jocmr2270w |url=}}</ref> | <ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24426558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yalagachin GH |title=Anterior mediastinal teratoma- a case report with review of literature |journal=Indian J Surg |volume=75 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=182–4 |date=June 2013 |pmid=24426558 |doi=10.1007/s12262-012-0569-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26251691">{{cite journal |vauthors=No TH, Seol SH, Seo GW, Kim DI, Yang SY, Jeong CH, Hwang YH, Kim JY |title=Benign Mature Teratoma in Anterior Mediastinum |journal=J Clin Med Res |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=726–8 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26251691 |pmc=4522994 |doi=10.14740/jocmr2270w |url=}}</ref> | ||
| | |||
* Benign equal in men and women | |||
* Malignant more common in men | |||
* Pediatric population higher risk | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Benign | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Benign | ||
* Asymptomatic | * Asymptomatic | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/- | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/- | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/- | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/- | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Chest CT scan: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Chest CT scan: | ||
* Location | * Location | ||
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| rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |'''Thyroid disease''' | | rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |'''Thyroid disease''' | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Thyroid cancer]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Thyroid cancer]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | ||
| | |||
* Hx of [[goiter]] | |||
* Family Hx of thyroid disease | |||
* Female gender | |||
* Asian race | |||
* [[Radiation exposure]] | |||
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia|MEN syndrome]] | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Lump]] in the neck | * [[Lump]] in the neck | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |US guided biopsy: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |US guided biopsy: | ||
* [[Papillary thyroid cancer]] | * [[Papillary thyroid cancer]] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Goitre|'''Goiter''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Goitre|'''Goiter''']] | ||
<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlBenign thyroid enlargement (non-toxic multinodular goiter): Overview">{{cite web |url=http://endocrinediseases.org/thyroid/goiter.shtml |title=Benign thyroid enlargement (non-toxic multinodular goiter): Overview |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | <ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlBenign thyroid enlargement (non-toxic multinodular goiter): Overview">{{cite web |url=http://endocrinediseases.org/thyroid/goiter.shtml |title=Benign thyroid enlargement (non-toxic multinodular goiter): Overview |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
| | |||
* [[Iodine]] deficiency | * [[Iodine]] deficiency | ||
* Female gender | * Female gender | ||
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** [[Lithium]] | ** [[Lithium]] | ||
* [[Radiation]] | * [[Radiation]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | |||
* A visible swelling at the base of your neck | |||
* Tight feeling in throat | |||
* [[Cough]] | |||
* [[Hoarseness]] | |||
* [[Fatigue]] | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Radioactive iodine scan: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Radioactive iodine scan: | ||
* Nodules | * Nodules | ||
Line 254: | Line 254: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Class''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Class''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Disease''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Disease''' | ||
!Etiology | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dyspnea/ | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dyspnea/ | ||
Line 259: | Line 260: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysphagia | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysphagia | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |SVCS | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |SVCS | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Image''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Image''' | ||
Line 270: | Line 270: | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pericardial effusion|'''Pericardial effusion''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pericardial effusion|'''Pericardial effusion''']] | ||
<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26317273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vanneman MW, Fikry K, Quraishi SA, Schoenfeld W |title=A Young Man with a Mediastinal Mass and Sudden Cardiac Arrest |journal=Ann Am Thorac Soc |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=1235–9 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26317273 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201504-212CC |url=}}</ref> | <ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26317273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vanneman MW, Fikry K, Quraishi SA, Schoenfeld W |title=A Young Man with a Mediastinal Mass and Sudden Cardiac Arrest |journal=Ann Am Thorac Soc |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=1235–9 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26317273 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201504-212CC |url=}}</ref> | ||
| | |||
* [[Acute myocardial infarction]] | * [[Acute myocardial infarction]] | ||
* [[Aortic dissection]] | * [[Aortic dissection]] | ||
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* [[Postpericardiotomy syndrome]] | * [[Postpericardiotomy syndrome]] | ||
* [[Radiation injury|Postirradiation]] | * [[Radiation injury|Postirradiation]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | |||
* [[Chest pain]] | |||
* The positional change affecting the [[chest pain]] | |||
* [[Orthopnea]] | |||
* [[Fever]] | |||
* symptoms of [[infection]], [[injury]] or systemic disease causing the [[Pericardial effusion|effusion]] | |||
* | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | + | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/- | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]] guided [[pericardiocentesis]]: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]] guided [[pericardiocentesis]]: | ||
* [[Therapy|Therapeutic]] | * [[Therapy|Therapeutic]] | ||
Line 314: | Line 315: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Aortic dissection]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Aortic dissection]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | ||
| | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
Line 324: | Line 325: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Superior vena cava obstruction]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Superior vena cava obstruction]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | ||
| | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | ||
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| rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |GI disease | | rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |GI disease | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal achalasia|'''Esophageal achalasia''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal achalasia|'''Esophageal achalasia''']] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal cancer|'''Esophageal cancer''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal cancer|'''Esophageal cancer''']] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal rupture|'''Esophageal rupture''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal rupture|'''Esophageal rupture''']] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hiatus hernia|'''Hiatus hernia''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hiatus hernia|'''Hiatus hernia''']] | ||
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| rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |Pulmonary disease | | rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |Pulmonary disease | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hilar lymphadenopathy|'''Hilar lymphadenopathy''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hilar lymphadenopathy|'''Hilar lymphadenopathy''']] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pneumomediastinum|'''Pneumomediastinum''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pneumomediastinum|'''Pneumomediastinum''']] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sarcoidosis|'''Sarcoidosis''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sarcoidosis|'''Sarcoidosis''']] | ||
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| rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |Mediastinal tumor | | rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |Mediastinal tumor | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Mediastinal tumor|'''Mediastinal tumor''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Mediastinal tumor|'''Mediastinal tumor''']] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Mediastinal germ cell tumor]]''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Mediastinal germ cell tumor]]''' | ||
<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref> | <ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref> | ||
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| rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |Infection | | rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |Infection | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Mediastinitis|'''Mediastinitis''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Mediastinitis|'''Mediastinitis''']] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anthrax|'''Anthrax''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anthrax|'''Anthrax''']] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Tularemia|'''Tularemia''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Tularemia|'''Tularemia''']] | ||
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| rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |Cystic disease | | rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |Cystic disease | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dermoid cyst|'''Dermoid cyst''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dermoid cyst|'''Dermoid cyst''']] | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Bronchogenic cyst]]''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Bronchogenic cyst]]''' | ||
'''<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | '''<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | ||
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inflammatory | inflammatory | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Churg-Strauss syndrome|'''Churg-Strauss syndrome''']] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Churg-Strauss syndrome|'''Churg-Strauss syndrome''']] | ||
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Class''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Class''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Disease''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Disease''' | ||
!Etiology | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dyspnea/ | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dyspnea/ | ||
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysphagia | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysphagia | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |SVCS | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |SVCS | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard''' | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Image''' | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Image''' | ||
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| rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |CNS disease | | rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;" |CNS disease | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Meningocele]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Meningocele]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | ||
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Neurilemmoma]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Neurilemmoma]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>''' | ||
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Revision as of 17:34, 7 February 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Trusha Tank, M.D.[3]
Overview
Differential diagnosis of mediastinal mass
Wide variety of medical conditions can present as a mediastinal mass on radiological imaging.
- Mediastinal mass may cause obstruction, entrapment or infiltration of other mediastinal organs such as: Trachea, bronchi, esophagus, aorta, superior vena cava (SVC) or heart.[1]
- Disorder caused by any kind of mediastinal mass is collectively known as: Mediastinal syndromes
- Mediastinal syndrome includes:
- Compression of the trachea: Dyspnea and respiratory insufficiency.
- Compression of the esophagus: Dysphagia.
- Compression of SVC causes superior vena cava syndrome: Vein distention, edema of the face or upper extremities and a positive Pemberton's sign.
- Superior vena cava syndrome is the most severe complication of mediastinal syndrome and a medical emergency.
ABBREVIATIONS: N/A: Not available, SOB: Shortness of breath, M/C: Most common, RI: Respiratory insufficiency, NM: Neuromuscular system, SVCS: Superior vena cava syndrome, SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus disease | |||||||||
Class | Disease | Etiology | Clinical presentation | Paraclinical findings | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General symptoms | Mediastinal syndrome | ||||||||
Dyspnea/
RI |
Dysphagia | SVCS | Gold standard | Image | Additional findings | ||||
Anterior mediastinal mass | |||||||||
Tumors | Thymoma |
|
+ | + | + | Biopsy:
|
Associated condition
| ||
Fatty mass |
|
|
- | - | - | MRI:
|
Fatty mass can be:
| ||
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
(HIV, Hep C, HTLV-1, EBV, HHV-8, H. pylori, psittacosis, Campylobacter jejuni)
(pesticides, methotrexate, TNF inhibitors, trichloroethylene)
|
|
+/- | +/- | +/- | Excisional lymph node biopsy with immunohistochemical study
|
| ||
Teratoma |
|
Benign
Malignant |
+/- | +/- | +/- | Chest CT scan:
|
N/A | ||
Thyroid disease | Thyroid cancer[2] |
|
|
+ | + | - | US guided biopsy: | TFT
| |
Goiter |
|
+ | + | - | Radioactive iodine scan:
|
Hyperavtive gland (hyperthyroid):
Hypoactive gland (hypothyroid):
Normal functioning gland (euthyroid):
| |||
Class | Disease | Etiology | Symptoms | Dyspnea/
RI |
Dysphagia | SVCS | Gold standard | Image | Additional findings |
Middle mediastinal mass | |||||||||
CVS disease | Pericardial effusion |
|
|
+ | +/- | - | Echocardiography guided pericardiocentesis:
|
||
Aortic dissection[2] | |||||||||
Superior vena cava obstruction[2] | |||||||||
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection[2] | |||||||||
GI disease | Esophageal achalasia | ||||||||
Esophageal cancer | |||||||||
Esophageal rupture | |||||||||
Hiatus hernia | |||||||||
Pulmonary disease | Hilar lymphadenopathy | ||||||||
Pneumomediastinum | |||||||||
Sarcoidosis | |||||||||
Mediastinal tumor | Mediastinal tumor | ||||||||
Mediastinal germ cell tumor | |||||||||
Infection | Mediastinitis | ||||||||
Anthrax | |||||||||
Tularemia | |||||||||
Cystic disease | Dermoid cyst | ||||||||
Bronchogenic cyst | |||||||||
Chronic
inflammatory |
Churg-Strauss syndrome | ||||||||
Class | Disease | Etiology | Symptoms | Dyspnea/
RI |
Dysphagia | SVCS | Gold standard | Image | Additional findings |
Posterior mediastinal mass | |||||||||
CNS disease | Meningocele[2] | ||||||||
Neurilemmoma[2] | |||||||||
ABBREVIATIONS: N/A: Not available , SOB: Shortness of breath, M/C: Most common, RI: Respiratory insufficiency, NM: Neuromuscular system, SVCS: Superior vena cava syndrome, SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus disease |
- Superior vena cava obstruction
- Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection
- Esophageal achalasia
- Esophageal cancer
- Esophageal rupture
- Hiatus hernia
- Hilar lymphadenopathy
- Pneumomediastinum
- Sarcoidosis
- Lymphoma
- Neurilemmoma
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Teratoma
- Thymoma
References
- ↑ Zardi EM, Pipita ME, Afeltra A (October 2016). "Mediastinal syndrome: A report of three cases". Exp Ther Med. 12 (4): 2237–2240. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3596. PMC 5038184. PMID 27698718.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L (February 2013). "A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses". Insights Imaging. 4 (1): 29–52. doi:10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0. PMID 23225215.
- ↑ Molinari F, Bankier AA, Eisenberg RL (November 2011). "Fat-containing lesions in adult thoracic imaging". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197 (5): W795–813. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.6932. PMID 22021525.
- ↑ Sandlund JT (2015). "Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children". Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 10 (3): 237–43. doi:10.1007/s11899-015-0277-y. PMID 26174528.
- ↑ Armitage JO, Gascoyne RD, Lunning MA, Cavalli F (2017). "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma". Lancet. 390 (10091): 298–310. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32407-2. PMID 28153383.
- ↑ Yalagachin GH (June 2013). "Anterior mediastinal teratoma- a case report with review of literature". Indian J Surg. 75 (Suppl 1): 182–4. doi:10.1007/s12262-012-0569-6. PMID 24426558.
- ↑ No TH, Seol SH, Seo GW, Kim DI, Yang SY, Jeong CH, Hwang YH, Kim JY (September 2015). "Benign Mature Teratoma in Anterior Mediastinum". J Clin Med Res. 7 (9): 726–8. doi:10.14740/jocmr2270w. PMC 4522994. PMID 26251691.
- ↑ "Benign thyroid enlargement (non-toxic multinodular goiter): Overview".
- ↑ Vanneman MW, Fikry K, Quraishi SA, Schoenfeld W (August 2015). "A Young Man with a Mediastinal Mass and Sudden Cardiac Arrest". Ann Am Thorac Soc. 12 (8): 1235–9. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201504-212CC. PMID 26317273.