Sleep apnea risk factors: Difference between revisions
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Sleep apnea risk factors On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kashish Goel, M.D.
Overview
Sleep apnea occurs more frequently among adult, overweight males with a large neck circumference, and with a positive family history. There is also an increased risk among african-americans, smokers and with the use of alcohol, sedatives or tranquilizers.
Risk Factors
- Overweight (Obesity) - Fat deposits around the soft tissues of the upper airway may obstruct breathing. However, not everyone who is overweight develop sleep apnea; it can also affect thinner individuals. Obesity is the best documented risk factor for OSA. The prevalence of OSA progressively increases as the body mass index and associated markers (eg, neck circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) increase.[1]
- Male gender - Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups.[3]
- Narrowed airway - This may be inherited, or due to an enlarged adenoids or enlarged tonsils which may block the airway.
- Neck circumference - Individuals with a thicker neck may have a narrower airway.
- Family history - If you have family members with sleep apnea, you may have a higher risk of developing the condition.
- Race - African American men younger than 39 years and between 50 and 59 years have a higher rate of sleep apnea compared to white men of the same ages.[4] However, there was no difference in mortality between African Americans and whites with sleep apnea within the specified age group.[4]
- Use of alcohol, sedatives or tranquilizers - These substances relax the muscles in the throat.
- Smoking - Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who have never smoked. Smoking may increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. This risk likely drops after you quit smoking.[5]
Risk factors for central sleep apnea include:
- Acute stroke
- Atrial fibrillation
- Heart failure
- Renal failure
- Usage of long-acting opioid drugs[6]
References
- ↑ Young, T.; Skatrud, J.; Peppard, PE. (2004). "Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults". JAMA. 291 (16): 2013–6. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.2013. PMID 15113821. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com". Retrieved 12 August 2013.
- ↑ "Sleep Apnea: Who Is At Risk for Sleep Apnea?". NHLBI: Health Information for the Public. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pranathiageswaran, S.; Badr, MS.; Severson, R.; Rowley, JA. (2013). "The influence of race on the severity of sleep disordered breathing". J Clin Sleep Med. 9 (4): 303–9. doi:10.5664/jcsm.2572. PMID 23585743. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com". Retrieved 12 August 2013.
- ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.