Tracheitis overview: Difference between revisions
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{{Tracheitis}} | {{Tracheitis}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} ; {{AE}} [[User:Dushka|Dushka Riaz, MD]] | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Tracheitis is | [[Tracheitis]] is the [[bacterial infection]] of the [[trachea]]. It is also known as bacterial [[croup]] or acute [[laryngotracheobronchitis]]. It results in [[airway]] [[inflammation]] with [[mucosal]] [[edema]], [[Trachea|tracheal]] [[ulceration]] and thick membranous [[Exudate|exudates]]. It is most commonly caused by a superimposed [[bacterial infection]] following a [[viral]] [[upper respiratory tract infection]]. Common [[bacterial]] [[pathogens]] include [[Staphylococcus aureus|Staphylococcus Aureus]], [[Haemophilus Influenzae B|Haemophilus Influenza]], [[Streptococcus Group A|Streptococcus Viridans]] and [[Moraxella catarrhalis|Moraxella Catarrhalis]]. It is a disease most commonly encountered in the [[pediatric]] age group, between 2-10 years of age. However, [[mechanical ventilation]] can also cause [[tracheitis]] as it allows colonization of the [[trachea]] through [[Endotracheal tube|endotracheal]] [[Endotracheal intubation|tube]]. Clinical features include [[cough]], [[Hoarseness|hoarseness,]] [[stridor]] which can rapidly progress into [[respiratory distress]] within 36 to 72 hours. Acute [[airway obstruction]] can also develop due to rapid formation of tracheal [[Exudate|exudates]]. Securing [[airway]] by [[endotracheal intubation]] is therefore crucial in management of [[tracheitis]] along with early initiation of [[Antibiotics|empiric antibiotics]]. Rigid [[endoscopy]] is performed to remove thick membranous [[Exudate|exudates]], known to cause significant tracheal lumen [[obstruction]]. Complications of [[tracheitis]] include [[airway obstruction]], [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]], [[toxic shock syndrome]], [[septic shock]] and [[Multiorgan failure|multi organ failure]]. <ref name="pmid29262085">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2021 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29262085 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> <ref name="pmid28757125">{{cite journal| author=Blot M, Bonniaud-Blot P, Favrolt N, Bonniaud P, Chavanet P, Piroth L| title=Update on childhood and adult infectious tracheitis. | journal=Med Mal Infect | year= 2017 | volume= 47 | issue= 7 | pages= 443-452 | pmid=28757125 | doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2017.06.006 | pmc=7125831 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28757125 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid379379">{{cite journal| author=Jones R, Santos JI, Overall JC| title=Bacterial tracheitis. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 8 | pages= 721-6 | pmid=379379 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=379379 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid17015531">{{cite journal| author=Hopkins A, Lahiri T, Salerno R, Heath B| title=Changing epidemiology of life-threatening upper airway infections: the reemergence of bacterial tracheitis. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2006 | volume= 118 | issue= 4 | pages= 1418-21 | pmid=17015531 | doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0692 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17015531 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid1788120">{{cite journal| author=Gallagher PG, Myer CM| title=An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of membranous laryngotracheobronchitis in infants and children. | journal=Pediatr Emerg Care | year= 1991 | volume= 7 | issue= 6 | pages= 337-42 | pmid=1788120 | doi=10.1097/00006565-199112000-00004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1788120 }} </ref> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Respiratory system]] | [[Category:Respiratory system]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:Thorax]] | [[Category:Thorax]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:33, 1 May 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dushka Riaz, MD
Overview
Tracheitis is the bacterial infection of the trachea. It is also known as bacterial croup or acute laryngotracheobronchitis. It results in airway inflammation with mucosal edema, tracheal ulceration and thick membranous exudates. It is most commonly caused by a superimposed bacterial infection following a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Common bacterial pathogens include Staphylococcus Aureus, Haemophilus Influenza, Streptococcus Viridans and Moraxella Catarrhalis. It is a disease most commonly encountered in the pediatric age group, between 2-10 years of age. However, mechanical ventilation can also cause tracheitis as it allows colonization of the trachea through endotracheal tube. Clinical features include cough, hoarseness, stridor which can rapidly progress into respiratory distress within 36 to 72 hours. Acute airway obstruction can also develop due to rapid formation of tracheal exudates. Securing airway by endotracheal intubation is therefore crucial in management of tracheitis along with early initiation of empiric antibiotics. Rigid endoscopy is performed to remove thick membranous exudates, known to cause significant tracheal lumen obstruction. Complications of tracheitis include airway obstruction, acute respiratory distress syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, septic shock and multi organ failure. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
References
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 29262085.
- ↑ Blot M, Bonniaud-Blot P, Favrolt N, Bonniaud P, Chavanet P, Piroth L (2017). "Update on childhood and adult infectious tracheitis". Med Mal Infect. 47 (7): 443–452. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2017.06.006. PMC 7125831 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 28757125. - ↑ Jones R, Santos JI, Overall JC (1979). "Bacterial tracheitis". JAMA. 242 (8): 721–6. PMID 379379.
- ↑ Hopkins A, Lahiri T, Salerno R, Heath B (2006). "Changing epidemiology of life-threatening upper airway infections: the reemergence of bacterial tracheitis". Pediatrics. 118 (4): 1418–21. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0692. PMID 17015531.
- ↑ Gallagher PG, Myer CM (1991). "An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of membranous laryngotracheobronchitis in infants and children". Pediatr Emerg Care. 7 (6): 337–42. doi:10.1097/00006565-199112000-00004. PMID 1788120.