Ureaplasma urealyticum natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The [[Urogenital tract|genital tract]] of adult men and women serve as the main reservoirs for Ureaplasma species.<ref name="pmid15076934">{{cite journal| author=Deguchi T, Yoshida T, Miyazawa T, Yasuda M, Tamaki M, Ishiko H et al.| title=Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) with nongonococcal urethritis. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 192-5 | pmid=15076934 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15076934 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26518581">{{cite journal| author=Resch B, Gutmann C, Reiterer F, Luxner J, Urlesberger B| title=Neonatal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization increases pulmonary and cerebral morbidity despite treatment with macrolide antibiotics. | journal=Infection | year= 2016 | volume= 44 | issue= 3 | pages= 323-7 | pmid=26518581 | doi=10.1007/s15010-015-0858-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26518581 }} </ref> Pregnancy complications such as [[chorioamnionitis]], [[preterm labor]], and miscarriages have been associated with Ureaplasma.<ref name="pmid18577163">{{cite journal| author=Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H et al.| title=Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses. | journal=Microbiol Immunol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 297-304 | pmid=18577163 | doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18577163 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16817073">{{cite journal| author=Vogel I, Thorsen P, Hogan VK, Schieve LA, Jacobsson B, Ferre CD| title=The joint effect of vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum and bacterial vaginosis on adverse pregnancy outcomes. | journal=Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand | year= 2006 | volume= 85 | issue= 7 | pages= 778-85 | pmid=16817073 | doi=10.1080/00016340500442423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16817073 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27756710" /><ref name="pmid7801884">{{cite journal| author=Joste NE, Kundsin RB, Genest DR| title=Histology and Ureaplasma urealyticum culture in 63 cases of first trimester abortion. | journal=Am J Clin Pathol | year= 1994 | volume= 102 | issue= 6 | pages= 729-32 | pmid=7801884 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7801884 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27172838">{{cite journal| author=Koucký M, Malíčková K, Cindrová-Davies T, Smíšek J, Vráblíková H, Černý A et al.| title=Prolonged progesterone administration is associated with less frequent cervicovaginal colonization by Ureaplasma urealyticum during pregnancy - Results of a pilot study. | journal=J Reprod Immunol | year= 2016 | volume= 116 | issue= | pages= 35-41 | pmid=27172838 | doi=10.1016/j.jri.2016.04.285 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27172838 }} </ref> Neonatal complications associated with Ureaplasma include [[prematurity]], [[pneumonia]], [[pneumonitis]], [[bronchopulmonary dysplasia]], [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome|respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn]] and [[sepsis]]. [[Urogenital tract]] infections such as [[nongonococcal urethritis]] in men have also been associated with ''Ureaplasma urealyticum''.<ref name="pmid27000449">{{cite journal| author=Esen B, Gozalan A, Sevindi DF, Demirbas A, Onde U, Erkayran U et al.| title=Ureaplasma urealyticum: Presence among Sexually Transmitted Diseases. | journal=Jpn J Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-79 | pmid=27000449 | doi=10.7883/yoken.JJID.2015.258 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27000449 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18436601">{{cite journal| author=García-de-la-Fuente C, Miñambres E, Ugalde E, Sáez A, Martinez-Martinez L, Fariñas MC| title=Post-operative mediastinitis, pleuritis and pericarditis due to Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum with a fatal outcome. | journal=J Med Microbiol | year= 2008 | volume= 57 | issue= Pt 5 | pages= 656-7 | pmid=18436601 | doi=10.1099/jmm.0.47632-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18436601 }} </ref> | The [[Urogenital tract|genital tract]] of adult men and women serve as the main reservoirs for Ureaplasma species.<ref name="pmid15076934">{{cite journal| author=Deguchi T, Yoshida T, Miyazawa T, Yasuda M, Tamaki M, Ishiko H et al.| title=Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) with nongonococcal urethritis. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 192-5 | pmid=15076934 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15076934 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26518581">{{cite journal| author=Resch B, Gutmann C, Reiterer F, Luxner J, Urlesberger B| title=Neonatal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization increases pulmonary and cerebral morbidity despite treatment with macrolide antibiotics. | journal=Infection | year= 2016 | volume= 44 | issue= 3 | pages= 323-7 | pmid=26518581 | doi=10.1007/s15010-015-0858-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26518581 }} </ref> Pregnancy complications such as [[chorioamnionitis]], [[preterm labor]], and miscarriages have been associated with Ureaplasma.<ref name="pmid18577163">{{cite journal| author=Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H et al.| title=Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses. | journal=Microbiol Immunol | year= 2008 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 297-304 | pmid=18577163 | doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18577163 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16817073">{{cite journal| author=Vogel I, Thorsen P, Hogan VK, Schieve LA, Jacobsson B, Ferre CD| title=The joint effect of vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum and bacterial vaginosis on adverse pregnancy outcomes. | journal=Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand | year= 2006 | volume= 85 | issue= 7 | pages= 778-85 | pmid=16817073 | doi=10.1080/00016340500442423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16817073 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27756710">{{cite journal| author=Kikhney J, von Schöning D, Steding I, Schulze J, Petrich A, Hiergeist A et al.| title=Is Ureaplasma spp. the leading causative agent of acute chorioamnionitis in women with preterm birth? | journal=Clin Microbiol Infect | year= 2017 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 119.e1-119.e7 | pmid=27756710 | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2016.10.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27756710 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7801884">{{cite journal| author=Joste NE, Kundsin RB, Genest DR| title=Histology and Ureaplasma urealyticum culture in 63 cases of first trimester abortion. | journal=Am J Clin Pathol | year= 1994 | volume= 102 | issue= 6 | pages= 729-32 | pmid=7801884 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7801884 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27172838">{{cite journal| author=Koucký M, Malíčková K, Cindrová-Davies T, Smíšek J, Vráblíková H, Černý A et al.| title=Prolonged progesterone administration is associated with less frequent cervicovaginal colonization by Ureaplasma urealyticum during pregnancy - Results of a pilot study. | journal=J Reprod Immunol | year= 2016 | volume= 116 | issue= | pages= 35-41 | pmid=27172838 | doi=10.1016/j.jri.2016.04.285 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27172838 }} </ref> Neonatal complications associated with Ureaplasma include [[prematurity]], [[pneumonia]], [[pneumonitis]], [[bronchopulmonary dysplasia]], [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome|respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn]] and [[sepsis]]. [[Urogenital tract]] infections such as [[nongonococcal urethritis]] in men have also been associated with ''Ureaplasma urealyticum''.<ref name="pmid27000449">{{cite journal| author=Esen B, Gozalan A, Sevindi DF, Demirbas A, Onde U, Erkayran U et al.| title=Ureaplasma urealyticum: Presence among Sexually Transmitted Diseases. | journal=Jpn J Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-79 | pmid=27000449 | doi=10.7883/yoken.JJID.2015.258 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27000449 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18436601">{{cite journal| author=García-de-la-Fuente C, Miñambres E, Ugalde E, Sáez A, Martinez-Martinez L, Fariñas MC| title=Post-operative mediastinitis, pleuritis and pericarditis due to Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum with a fatal outcome. | journal=J Med Microbiol | year= 2008 | volume= 57 | issue= Pt 5 | pages= 656-7 | pmid=18436601 | doi=10.1099/jmm.0.47632-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18436601 }} </ref> | ||
==Natural history, Complications and Prognosis== | ==Natural history, Complications and Prognosis== | ||
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* [[Pregnancy loss]] | * [[Pregnancy loss]] | ||
* Postpartum [[endometritis]] | * Postpartum [[endometritis]] | ||
'''Fetal/neonatal complications'''<ref name=" | '''Fetal/neonatal complications'''<ref name="pmid26518581"/><ref name="pmid8399903">{{cite journal| author=Waites KB, Crouse DT, Cassell GH| title=Systemic neonatal infection due to Ureaplasma urealyticum. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 17 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S131-5 | pmid=8399903 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8399903 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2909979">{{cite journal| author=Waites KB, Crouse DT, Philips JB, Canupp KC, Cassell GH| title=Ureaplasmal pneumonia and sepsis associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1989 | volume= 83 | issue= 1 | pages= 79-85 | pmid=2909979 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2909979 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21258263">{{cite journal| author=Okogbule-Wonodi AC, Gross GW, Sun CC, Agthe AG, Xiao L, Waites KB et al.| title=Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with ureaplasma colonization in preterm infants. | journal=Pediatr Res | year= 2011 | volume= 69 | issue= 5 Pt 1 | pages= 442-7 | pmid=21258263 | doi=10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182111827 | pmc=3968774 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21258263 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18596706">{{cite journal| author=Viscardi RM, Hashmi N, Gross GW, Sun CC, Rodriguez A, Fairchild KD| title=Incidence of invasive ureaplasma in VLBW infants: relationship to severe intraventricular hemorrhage. | journal=J Perinatol | year= 2008 | volume= 28 | issue= 11 | pages= 759-65 | pmid=18596706 | doi=10.1038/jp.2008.98 | pmc=5334544 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18596706 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9576388">{{cite journal| author=Patterson AM, Taciak V, Lovchik J, Fox RE, Campbell AB, Viscardi RM| title=Ureaplasma urealyticum respiratory tract colonization is associated with an increase in interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha relative to interleukin 6 in tracheal aspirates of preterm infants. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 1998 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 321-8 | pmid=9576388 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9576388 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2891889">{{cite journal| author=Waites KB, Rudd PT, Crouse DT, Canupp KC, Nelson KG, Ramsey C et al.| title=Chronic Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections of central nervous system in preterm infants. | journal=Lancet | year= 1988 | volume= 1 | issue= 8575-6 | pages= 17-21 | pmid=2891889 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2891889 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11036807">{{cite journal| author=Agarwal P, Rajadurai VS, Pradeepkumar VK, Tan KW| title=Ureaplasma urealyticum and its association with chronic lung disease in Asian neonates. | journal=J Paediatr Child Health | year= 2000 | volume= 36 | issue= 5 | pages= 487-90 | pmid=11036807 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11036807 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9334863">{{cite journal| author=Abele-Horn M, Peters J, Genzel-Boroviczény O, Wolff C, Zimmermann A, Gottschling W| title=Vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization: influence on pregnancy outcome and neonatal morbidity. | journal=Infection | year= 1997 | volume= 25 | issue= 5 | pages= 286-91 | pmid=9334863 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9334863 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16371861">{{cite journal| author=Schelonka RL, Katz B, Waites KB, Benjamin DK| title=Critical appraisal of the role of Ureaplasma in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with metaanalytic techniques. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2005 | volume= 24 | issue= 12 | pages= 1033-9 | pmid=16371861 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16371861 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7562292">{{cite journal| author=Wang EE, Ohlsson A, Kellner JD| title=Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization with chronic lung disease of prematurity: results of a metaanalysis. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1995 | volume= 127 | issue= 4 | pages= 640-4 | pmid=7562292 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7562292 }} </ref> | ||
Common | Common | ||
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* [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]] | * [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]] | ||
* [[Stillbirth]] | * [[Stillbirth]] | ||
'''Complications in adult men and women'''<ref name="pmid15076934" /><ref name="pmid24047884" /><ref name="pmid24318169" /><ref name="pmid11939406" /><ref name="pmid15379939" /><ref name="pmid20498103" /><ref name="pmid26010188" /><ref name="pmid24671783">{{cite journal| author=Farrell JJ, Larson JA, Akeson JW, Lowery KS, Rounds MA, Sampath R et al.| title=Ureaplasma parvum prosthetic joint infection detected by PCR. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2014 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 2248-50 | pmid=24671783 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00432-14 | pmc=4042745 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24671783 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27803864">{{cite journal| author=Abdelfattah MM, Khattab RA, Mahran MH, Elborgy ES| title=Evaluation of patients with dry eye disease for conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. | journal=Int J Ophthalmol | year= 2016 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 1457-1465 | pmid=27803864 | doi=10.18240/ijo.2016.10.15 | pmc=5075662 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27803864 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27000449">{{cite journal| author=Esen B, Gozalan A, Sevindi DF, Demirbas A, Onde U, Erkayran U et al.| title=Ureaplasma urealyticum: Presence among Sexually Transmitted Diseases. | journal=Jpn J Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-79 | pmid=27000449 | doi=10.7883/yoken.JJID.2015.258 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27000449 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18436601">{{cite journal| author=García-de-la-Fuente C, Miñambres E, Ugalde E, Sáez A, Martinez-Martinez L, Fariñas MC| title=Post-operative mediastinitis, pleuritis and pericarditis due to Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum with a fatal outcome. | journal=J Med Microbiol | year= 2008 | volume= 57 | issue= Pt 5 | pages= 656-7 | pmid=18436601 | doi=10.1099/jmm.0.47632-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18436601 }} </ref> | '''Complications in adult men and women'''<ref name="pmid15076934">{{cite journal| author=Deguchi T, Yoshida T, Miyazawa T, Yasuda M, Tamaki M, Ishiko H et al.| title=Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) with nongonococcal urethritis. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 192-5 | pmid=15076934 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15076934 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24047884">{{cite journal| author=Shimada Y, Ito S, Mizutani K, Sugawara T, Seike K, Tsuchiya T et al.| title=Bacterial loads of Ureaplasma urealyticum contribute to development of urethritis in men. | journal=Int J STD AIDS | year= 2014 | volume= 25 | issue= 4 | pages= 294-8 | pmid=24047884 | doi=10.1177/0956462413504556 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24047884 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24318169">{{cite journal| author=Kasprzykowska U, Elias J, Elias M, Mączyńska B, Sobieszczańska BM| title=Colonization of the lower urogenital tract with Ureaplasma parvum can cause asymptomatic infection of the upper reproductive system in women: a preliminary study. | journal=Arch Gynecol Obstet | year= 2014 | volume= 289 | issue= 5 | pages= 1129-34 | pmid=24318169 | doi=10.1007/s00404-013-3102-7 | pmc=3984420 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24318169 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11939406">{{cite journal| author=Povlsen K, Bjørnelius E, Lidbrink P, Lind I| title=Relationship of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2 to nongonococcal urethritis. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 2002 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-101 | pmid=11939406 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11939406 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15379939">{{cite journal| author=Maeda S, Deguchi T, Ishiko H, Matsumoto T, Naito S, Kumon H et al.| title=Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum (biovar 1) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis using polymerase chain reaction-microtiter plate hybridization. | journal=Int J Urol | year= 2004 | volume= 11 | issue= 9 | pages= 750-4 | pmid=15379939 | doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00887.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15379939 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20498103">{{cite journal| author=Couldwell DL, Gidding HF, Freedman EV, McKechnie ML, Biggs K, Sintchenko V et al.| title=Ureaplasma urealyticum is significantly associated with non-gonococcal urethritis in heterosexual Sydney men. | journal=Int J STD AIDS | year= 2010 | volume= 21 | issue= 5 | pages= 337-41 | pmid=20498103 | doi=10.1258/ijsa.2009.009499 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20498103 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26010188">{{cite journal| author=George MD, Cardenas AM, Birnbaum BK, Gluckman SJ| title=Ureaplasma septic arthritis in an immunosuppressed patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. | journal=J Clin Rheumatol | year= 2015 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 221-4 | pmid=26010188 | doi=10.1097/RHU.0000000000000248 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26010188 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24671783">{{cite journal| author=Farrell JJ, Larson JA, Akeson JW, Lowery KS, Rounds MA, Sampath R et al.| title=Ureaplasma parvum prosthetic joint infection detected by PCR. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2014 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 2248-50 | pmid=24671783 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00432-14 | pmc=4042745 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24671783 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27803864">{{cite journal| author=Abdelfattah MM, Khattab RA, Mahran MH, Elborgy ES| title=Evaluation of patients with dry eye disease for conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. | journal=Int J Ophthalmol | year= 2016 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 1457-1465 | pmid=27803864 | doi=10.18240/ijo.2016.10.15 | pmc=5075662 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27803864 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27000449">{{cite journal| author=Esen B, Gozalan A, Sevindi DF, Demirbas A, Onde U, Erkayran U et al.| title=Ureaplasma urealyticum: Presence among Sexually Transmitted Diseases. | journal=Jpn J Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-79 | pmid=27000449 | doi=10.7883/yoken.JJID.2015.258 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27000449 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18436601">{{cite journal| author=García-de-la-Fuente C, Miñambres E, Ugalde E, Sáez A, Martinez-Martinez L, Fariñas MC| title=Post-operative mediastinitis, pleuritis and pericarditis due to Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum with a fatal outcome. | journal=J Med Microbiol | year= 2008 | volume= 57 | issue= Pt 5 | pages= 656-7 | pmid=18436601 | doi=10.1099/jmm.0.47632-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18436601 }} </ref> | ||
* [[Urogenital tract]] infections such as [[nongonococcal urethritis]] and [[prostatitis]] in men | * [[Urogenital tract]] infections such as [[nongonococcal urethritis]] and [[prostatitis]] in men | ||
* [[Infertility]] | * [[Infertility]] |
Latest revision as of 20:30, 21 April 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
The genital tract of adult men and women serve as the main reservoirs for Ureaplasma species.[1][2] Pregnancy complications such as chorioamnionitis, preterm labor, and miscarriages have been associated with Ureaplasma.[3][4][5][6][7] Neonatal complications associated with Ureaplasma include prematurity, pneumonia, pneumonitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn and sepsis. Urogenital tract infections such as nongonococcal urethritis in men have also been associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum.[8][9]
Natural history, Complications and Prognosis
Natural History
The genital tract of adult men and women serve as the main reservoirs for Ureaplasma species.[1][2] Colonization by Ureaplasma species has been documented in sick as well as healthy infants.[10]
Complications
Infection with Ureaplasma species has been associated with the following complications:
Pregnancy complications[3][4][5][6][7]
- Histologic chorioamnionitis
- Preterm labor
- Preterm rupture of membranes
- Pregnancy loss
- Postpartum endometritis
Fetal/neonatal complications[2][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
Common
- Umbilical cord vasculitis
- Prematurity
- Pneumonia
- Pneumonitis
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Hyaline membrane disease (respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn)
- Sepsis
Uncommon
- Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
- Meningitis
- Periventricular hemorrhage
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Necrotizing enterocolitis
- Stillbirth
Complications in adult men and women[1][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][8][9]
- Urogenital tract infections such as nongonococcal urethritis and prostatitis in men
- Infertility
- Pelvic inflammatory disease in females
- Septic arthritis
- Prosthetic joint infection
- Post-operative mediastinitis with persistent pleural and pericardial effusion
- Possible association with dry eye disease
Prognosis
Polymicrobial infection of the amniotic fluid with Ureaplasma species and other bacteria is associated with poor perinatal prognosis in preterm labor.[28] Despite macrolide antibiotic treatment, there is a significant association between U. urealyticum infection and pulmonary morbidity and mild cerebral impairment in preterm infants.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Deguchi T, Yoshida T, Miyazawa T, Yasuda M, Tamaki M, Ishiko H; et al. (2004). "Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) with nongonococcal urethritis". Sex Transm Dis. 31 (3): 192–5. PMID 15076934.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Resch B, Gutmann C, Reiterer F, Luxner J, Urlesberger B (2016). "Neonatal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization increases pulmonary and cerebral morbidity despite treatment with macrolide antibiotics". Infection. 44 (3): 323–7. doi:10.1007/s15010-015-0858-7. PMID 26518581.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Harada K, Tanaka H, Komori S, Tsuji Y, Nagata K, Tsutsui H; et al. (2008). "Vaginal infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum accounts for preterm delivery via induction of inflammatory responses". Microbiol Immunol. 52 (6): 297–304. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00039.x. PMID 18577163.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vogel I, Thorsen P, Hogan VK, Schieve LA, Jacobsson B, Ferre CD (2006). "The joint effect of vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum and bacterial vaginosis on adverse pregnancy outcomes". Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 85 (7): 778–85. doi:10.1080/00016340500442423. PMID 16817073.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kikhney J, von Schöning D, Steding I, Schulze J, Petrich A, Hiergeist A; et al. (2017). "Is Ureaplasma spp. the leading causative agent of acute chorioamnionitis in women with preterm birth?". Clin Microbiol Infect. 23 (2): 119.e1–119.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.10.010. PMID 27756710.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Joste NE, Kundsin RB, Genest DR (1994). "Histology and Ureaplasma urealyticum culture in 63 cases of first trimester abortion". Am J Clin Pathol. 102 (6): 729–32. PMID 7801884.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Koucký M, Malíčková K, Cindrová-Davies T, Smíšek J, Vráblíková H, Černý A; et al. (2016). "Prolonged progesterone administration is associated with less frequent cervicovaginal colonization by Ureaplasma urealyticum during pregnancy - Results of a pilot study". J Reprod Immunol. 116: 35–41. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2016.04.285. PMID 27172838.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Esen B, Gozalan A, Sevindi DF, Demirbas A, Onde U, Erkayran U; et al. (2017). "Ureaplasma urealyticum: Presence among Sexually Transmitted Diseases". Jpn J Infect Dis. 70 (1): 75–79. doi:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2015.258. PMID 27000449.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 García-de-la-Fuente C, Miñambres E, Ugalde E, Sáez A, Martinez-Martinez L, Fariñas MC (2008). "Post-operative mediastinitis, pleuritis and pericarditis due to Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum with a fatal outcome". J Med Microbiol. 57 (Pt 5): 656–7. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.47632-0. PMID 18436601.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Waites KB, Crouse DT, Cassell GH (1993). "Systemic neonatal infection due to Ureaplasma urealyticum". Clin Infect Dis. 17 Suppl 1: S131–5. PMID 8399903.
- ↑ Waites KB, Crouse DT, Philips JB, Canupp KC, Cassell GH (1989). "Ureaplasmal pneumonia and sepsis associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn". Pediatrics. 83 (1): 79–85. PMID 2909979.
- ↑ Okogbule-Wonodi AC, Gross GW, Sun CC, Agthe AG, Xiao L, Waites KB; et al. (2011). "Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with ureaplasma colonization in preterm infants". Pediatr Res. 69 (5 Pt 1): 442–7. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182111827. PMC 3968774. PMID 21258263.
- ↑ Viscardi RM, Hashmi N, Gross GW, Sun CC, Rodriguez A, Fairchild KD (2008). "Incidence of invasive ureaplasma in VLBW infants: relationship to severe intraventricular hemorrhage". J Perinatol. 28 (11): 759–65. doi:10.1038/jp.2008.98. PMC 5334544. PMID 18596706.
- ↑ Patterson AM, Taciak V, Lovchik J, Fox RE, Campbell AB, Viscardi RM (1998). "Ureaplasma urealyticum respiratory tract colonization is associated with an increase in interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha relative to interleukin 6 in tracheal aspirates of preterm infants". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 17 (4): 321–8. PMID 9576388.
- ↑ Waites KB, Rudd PT, Crouse DT, Canupp KC, Nelson KG, Ramsey C; et al. (1988). "Chronic Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections of central nervous system in preterm infants". Lancet. 1 (8575–6): 17–21. PMID 2891889.
- ↑ Agarwal P, Rajadurai VS, Pradeepkumar VK, Tan KW (2000). "Ureaplasma urealyticum and its association with chronic lung disease in Asian neonates". J Paediatr Child Health. 36 (5): 487–90. PMID 11036807.
- ↑ Abele-Horn M, Peters J, Genzel-Boroviczény O, Wolff C, Zimmermann A, Gottschling W (1997). "Vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization: influence on pregnancy outcome and neonatal morbidity". Infection. 25 (5): 286–91. PMID 9334863.
- ↑ Schelonka RL, Katz B, Waites KB, Benjamin DK (2005). "Critical appraisal of the role of Ureaplasma in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with metaanalytic techniques". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 24 (12): 1033–9. PMID 16371861.
- ↑ Wang EE, Ohlsson A, Kellner JD (1995). "Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization with chronic lung disease of prematurity: results of a metaanalysis". J Pediatr. 127 (4): 640–4. PMID 7562292.
- ↑ Shimada Y, Ito S, Mizutani K, Sugawara T, Seike K, Tsuchiya T; et al. (2014). "Bacterial loads of Ureaplasma urealyticum contribute to development of urethritis in men". Int J STD AIDS. 25 (4): 294–8. doi:10.1177/0956462413504556. PMID 24047884.
- ↑ Kasprzykowska U, Elias J, Elias M, Mączyńska B, Sobieszczańska BM (2014). "Colonization of the lower urogenital tract with Ureaplasma parvum can cause asymptomatic infection of the upper reproductive system in women: a preliminary study". Arch Gynecol Obstet. 289 (5): 1129–34. doi:10.1007/s00404-013-3102-7. PMC 3984420. PMID 24318169.
- ↑ Povlsen K, Bjørnelius E, Lidbrink P, Lind I (2002). "Relationship of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2 to nongonococcal urethritis". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 21 (2): 97–101. PMID 11939406.
- ↑ Maeda S, Deguchi T, Ishiko H, Matsumoto T, Naito S, Kumon H; et al. (2004). "Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum (biovar 1) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis using polymerase chain reaction-microtiter plate hybridization". Int J Urol. 11 (9): 750–4. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00887.x. PMID 15379939.
- ↑ Couldwell DL, Gidding HF, Freedman EV, McKechnie ML, Biggs K, Sintchenko V; et al. (2010). "Ureaplasma urealyticum is significantly associated with non-gonococcal urethritis in heterosexual Sydney men". Int J STD AIDS. 21 (5): 337–41. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2009.009499. PMID 20498103.
- ↑ George MD, Cardenas AM, Birnbaum BK, Gluckman SJ (2015). "Ureaplasma septic arthritis in an immunosuppressed patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis". J Clin Rheumatol. 21 (4): 221–4. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000248. PMID 26010188.
- ↑ Farrell JJ, Larson JA, Akeson JW, Lowery KS, Rounds MA, Sampath R; et al. (2014). "Ureaplasma parvum prosthetic joint infection detected by PCR". J Clin Microbiol. 52 (6): 2248–50. doi:10.1128/JCM.00432-14. PMC 4042745. PMID 24671783.
- ↑ Abdelfattah MM, Khattab RA, Mahran MH, Elborgy ES (2016). "Evaluation of patients with dry eye disease for conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum". Int J Ophthalmol. 9 (10): 1457–1465. doi:10.18240/ijo.2016.10.15. PMC 5075662. PMID 27803864.
- ↑ Yoneda N, Yoneda S, Niimi H, Ueno T, Hayashi S, Ito M; et al. (2016). "Polymicrobial Amniotic Fluid Infection with Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma and Other Bacteria Induces Severe Intra-Amniotic Inflammation Associated with Poor Perinatal Prognosis in Preterm Labor". Am J Reprod Immunol. 75 (2): 112–25. doi:10.1111/aji.12456. PMID 26668114.