Primary lymphoma of the bone: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{SI}} | {{SI}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MV}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} John Fani Srour, M.D.; {{MV}} | ||
{{SK}} | {{SK}} PLB; Reticulum cell lymphoma | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Primary lymphoma of the bone (also known as "PLB") is an uncommon [[malignancy]] that accounts for less than 5% of all primary [[bone]] [[Tumor|tumors]]. The majority of cases are of the [[non-Hodgkin]] type; [[Hodgkin]] disease accounting for only 6% of the cases. Primary lymphoma of the bone was first discovered by Parker and Jackson in 1939. The [[pathogenesis]] of primary lymphoma of the bone is characterized by excessive [[osteoclast]] activation. Primary lymphoma of the bone is commonly located in [[bone marrow]], [[axial skeleton]], or [[femur]] (most common). Primary lymphoma of the bone may be classified according to location into [[solitary]], multifocal, distant, and [[Viscus|visceral]] subtypes. [[Mutation|Mutations]] in BCL2 and [[BCL6]] [[Gene|genes]] have been associated with the development of primary lymphoma of the bone. Primary lymphoma of the bone is rare; the [[prevalence]] of primary lymphoma of the bone is approximately 0.01 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. Primary lymphoma of the bone is more commonly observed among middle aged [[Adult|adults]] and [[Old age|elderly]] [[Patient|patients]]. [[MRI]] is the [[imaging]] modality of choice for primary lymphoma of the bone. The mainstay of [[therapy]] for primary lymphoma of the bone is [[chemotherapy]]. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
Primary lymphoma of the bone was first discovered by Parker and Jackson in 1939.<ref name="pmid12298430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choi JY, Hahn JS, Suh CO, Yang WI |title=Primary lymphoma of bone--survival and prognosis |journal=Korean J. Intern. Med. |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=191–7 |year=2002 |pmid=12298430 |pmc=4531681 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Primary lymphoma of the bone may be [[Classification|classified]] according to location into 4 groups:<ref name="radio">Primary lymphoma of the bone. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/primary-bone-lymphoma Accessed on May 1st 2016 </ref> | |||
: | *PBL 1: [[solitary]] [[bone]] [[lymphoma]] | ||
: | *PBL 2: multifocal [[Bone|bony]] [[Lesion|lesions]] | ||
: | *PBL 3: cases with distant [[Lymph node|nodal]] [[disease]] | ||
* | *PBL 4: cases with [[Viscus|visceral]] [[disease]] | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
*The pathogenesis of primary lymphoma of the bone is characterized by [ | * The [[pathogenesis]] of primary lymphoma of the bone is characterized by excessive [[osteoclast]] activation.<ref name="pathology">Sheren Yones, M.D. Primary Lymphoma of the Bone. Pathology Outlines. http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/bonelymphomageneral.html</ref> | ||
* | |||
*On gross pathology | * [[Mutation|Mutations]] in [[BCL2]] and [[BCL6]] have been associated with the development of primary lymphoma of the bone. | ||
*On microscopic histopathological analysis | |||
* Common locations of primary lymphoma of the bone are [[bone marrow]], [[axial skeleton]], or [[femur]]. The [[metaphysis]] of the [[femur]] is the most commonly affected site. | |||
* On [[gross pathology]], characteristic findings of primary lymphoma of the bone include:<ref name="pathology">Sheren Yones, M.D. Primary Lymphoma of the Bone. Pathology Outlines. http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/bonelymphomageneral.html</ref> | |||
**Fish [[flesh]] appearance of [[lymphoma]] | |||
**Extraosseous extension and indistinct margins | |||
* On [[microscopic]] [[Histopathology|histopathological]] [[analysis]], characteristic findings of primary lymphoma of the bone include:<ref name="pathology">Sheren Yones, M.D. Primary Lymphoma of the Bone. Pathology Outlines. http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/bonelymphomageneral.html</ref> | |||
**Diffuse growth pattern | |||
**Infiltrating between [[Cancellous bone|bone trabeculae]] | |||
**Large atypical [[Cell (biology)|cells]] | |||
**Abundant [[cytoplasm]] | |||
**Large bizarre [[Cell (biology)|cells]], centroblasts, and [[Immunoblast|immunoblasts]] | |||
**Positive [[CD20]] and [[CD79a]] | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
There are no established causes for primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
==Differentiating Primary Lymphoma of the Bone from Other Diseases== | |||
Primary lymphoma of the bone must be differentiated from other [[Disease|diseases]] that cause [[bone pain]], [[fever]], and limited range of motion such as:<ref name="radio">Primary lymphoma of the bone. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/primary-bone-lymphoma Accessed on May 1st 2016 </ref> | |||
==Differentiating | *[[Osteosarcoma]] | ||
*[[Bone metastasis]] | |||
*[[Spindle neuron|Spindle cell]] [[sarcoma]] | |||
*[[Myeloid]] [[sarcoma]] | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
* | * Primary lymphoma of the bone accounts for less than 5% of all primary [[bone]] [[Tumor|tumors]]. | ||
* | |||
* The [[prevalence]] of primary lymphoma of the bone is approximately 0.01 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. | |||
* Primary lymphoma of the bone is more commonly observed among [[Patient|patients]] aged 50 to 70 years old. | |||
*Primary lymphoma of the bone is more commonly observed among patients aged | * Primary lymphoma of the bone affects [[Male|men]] more frequently than [[Female|women]]. | ||
* There is no racial predilection for primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
*Primary lymphoma of the bone affects men | |||
*There is no racial predilection for primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The most common [[risk factor]] in the development of primary lymphoma of the bone is previous exposure to [[radiation]].<ref name="radio">Primary lymphoma of the bone. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/primary-bone-lymphoma Accessed on May 1st 2016 </ref> | |||
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | == Screening == | ||
*The majority of patients with primary lymphoma of the bone | There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for primary lymphoma of the bone. | ||
*Early clinical features include [ | |||
*If left untreated, [ | == Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
* | *The majority of [[Patient|patients]] with primary lymphoma of the bone are [[symptomatic]] at the time of [[diagnosis]].<ref name="radio">Primary lymphoma of the bone. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/primary-bone-lymphoma Accessed on May 1st 2016 </ref> | ||
* | *Early [[clinical]] features include [[bone pain]] or a [[Palpation|palpable]] [[mass]]. | ||
*If left untreated, [[Patient|patients]] with primary lymphoma of the bone may progress to develop [[metastasis]]. | |||
== Diagnosis == | |||
===Diagnostic | * The most common [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of primary lymphoma of the bone is a [[Bone fracture|pathological fracture]]. | ||
* The [[prognosis]] of primary lymphoma of the bone is generally good; the 5-year survival rate of [[Patient|patients]] with primary lymphoma of the bone is commonly >80%.<ref name="pmid12298430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choi JY, Hahn JS, Suh CO, Yang WI |title=Primary lymphoma of bone--survival and prognosis |journal=Korean J. Intern. Med. |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=191–7 |year=2002 |pmid=12298430 |pmc=4531681 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
== Diagnosis == | |||
=== Diagnostic Study of Choice === | |||
[[MRI]] is the [[imaging]] modality of choice for the diagnosis of primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
=== Symptoms === | |||
=== History and Symptoms === | |||
[[Symptom|Symptoms]] of primary lymphoma of the bone may include the following:<ref name="radio">Primary lymphoma of the bone. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/primary-bone-lymphoma Accessed on May 1st 2016 </ref> | |||
*[[Bone pain]] | |||
*Limited [[range of motion]] | |||
*Morning stiffness | |||
*[[Low grade fever]] | |||
*[[Night sweats]] | |||
=== Physical Examination === | === Physical Examination === | ||
[[Patient|Patients]] with primary lymphoma of the bone usually appear [[Pallor|pale]] or [[Malnutrition|malnourished]]. [[Physical examination]] may be remarkable for: | |||
*[[edema|Swelling]] of the affected area | |||
*Limited [[range of motion]] | |||
*[[Gait]] disturbances | |||
*[[Palpation|Palpable]] [[mass]] | |||
=== Laboratory Findings === | === Laboratory Findings === | ||
*There are no specific | There are no specific [[Medical laboratory|laboratory]] findings associated with primary lymphoma of the bone. In some cases, non-specific findings may include:<ref name="radio">Primary lymphoma of the bone. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/primary-bone-lymphoma Accessed on May 1st 2016 </ref> | ||
*Elevated [[LDH]] | |||
*Elevated β2 microglobulin | |||
===Electrocardiogram=== | |||
There are no [[The electrocardiogram|ECG]] findings associated with primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
=== X-ray === | |||
On conventional radiograph, the following non-specific findings of primary lymphoma of the bone may be found:<ref name="radio" /> | |||
*Solitary metadiaphyseal lesion | |||
*Layered [[periosteum|periosteal]] reaction | |||
*Affected bone may be normal or affected by lytic, sclerotic or mixed pattern | |||
*A lytic pattern with permeative bone destruction and a wide zone of transition | |||
=== Echocardiography or Ultrasound === | |||
There are no [[echocardiography]]/[[ultrasound]] findings associated with primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
===CT scan=== | |||
There are no [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] findings associated with primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
===MRI=== | |||
On [[MRI]], findings of primary lymphoma of the bone include: | |||
*Abnormalities in [[bone marrow]] | |||
*[[Soft tissue]] [[mass]] | |||
=== Other Imaging Findings === | |||
There are no other [[imaging]] findings associated with primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
=== Other Diagnostic Studies === | === Other Diagnostic Studies === | ||
There are no other [[Diagnosis|diagnostic]] studies associated with primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
== Treatment == | == Treatment == | ||
=== Medical Therapy === | === Medical Therapy === | ||
The mainstay of [[therapy]] for primary lymphoma of the bone is [[chemotherapy]] combined with [[radiotherapy]]. Response to [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]] can be monitored with [[imaging]] studies. | |||
=== Surgery === | === Surgery === | ||
[[Surgery|Surgical]] intervention is not recommended among [[Patient|patients]] with primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
=== Primary Prevention === | |||
There are no established measures for the [[Prevention (medical)|primary prevention]] of primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
=== Prevention === | === Secondary Prevention === | ||
There are no established measures for the [[Prevention (medical)|secondary prevention]] of primary lymphoma of the bone. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category: Oncology]] | [[Category:Oncology]] | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Hematology]] | |||
[[Category:Orthopedics]] | |||
Latest revision as of 16:36, 2 May 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: John Fani Srour, M.D.; Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]
Synonyms and keywords: PLB; Reticulum cell lymphoma
Overview
Primary lymphoma of the bone (also known as "PLB") is an uncommon malignancy that accounts for less than 5% of all primary bone tumors. The majority of cases are of the non-Hodgkin type; Hodgkin disease accounting for only 6% of the cases. Primary lymphoma of the bone was first discovered by Parker and Jackson in 1939. The pathogenesis of primary lymphoma of the bone is characterized by excessive osteoclast activation. Primary lymphoma of the bone is commonly located in bone marrow, axial skeleton, or femur (most common). Primary lymphoma of the bone may be classified according to location into solitary, multifocal, distant, and visceral subtypes. Mutations in BCL2 and BCL6 genes have been associated with the development of primary lymphoma of the bone. Primary lymphoma of the bone is rare; the prevalence of primary lymphoma of the bone is approximately 0.01 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. Primary lymphoma of the bone is more commonly observed among middle aged adults and elderly patients. MRI is the imaging modality of choice for primary lymphoma of the bone. The mainstay of therapy for primary lymphoma of the bone is chemotherapy.
Historical Perspective
Primary lymphoma of the bone was first discovered by Parker and Jackson in 1939.[1]
Classification
Primary lymphoma of the bone may be classified according to location into 4 groups:[2]
- PBL 1: solitary bone lymphoma
- PBL 2: multifocal bony lesions
- PBL 3: cases with distant nodal disease
- PBL 4: cases with visceral disease
Pathophysiology
- The pathogenesis of primary lymphoma of the bone is characterized by excessive osteoclast activation.[3]
- Mutations in BCL2 and BCL6 have been associated with the development of primary lymphoma of the bone.
- Common locations of primary lymphoma of the bone are bone marrow, axial skeleton, or femur. The metaphysis of the femur is the most commonly affected site.
- On gross pathology, characteristic findings of primary lymphoma of the bone include:[3]
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of primary lymphoma of the bone include:[3]
- Diffuse growth pattern
- Infiltrating between bone trabeculae
- Large atypical cells
- Abundant cytoplasm
- Large bizarre cells, centroblasts, and immunoblasts
- Positive CD20 and CD79a
Causes
There are no established causes for primary lymphoma of the bone.
Differentiating Primary Lymphoma of the Bone from Other Diseases
Primary lymphoma of the bone must be differentiated from other diseases that cause bone pain, fever, and limited range of motion such as:[2]
Epidemiology and Demographics
- The prevalence of primary lymphoma of the bone is approximately 0.01 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- Primary lymphoma of the bone is more commonly observed among patients aged 50 to 70 years old.
- There is no racial predilection for primary lymphoma of the bone.
Risk Factors
The most common risk factor in the development of primary lymphoma of the bone is previous exposure to radiation.[2]
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for primary lymphoma of the bone.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
- The majority of patients with primary lymphoma of the bone are symptomatic at the time of diagnosis.[2]
- Early clinical features include bone pain or a palpable mass.
- If left untreated, patients with primary lymphoma of the bone may progress to develop metastasis.
- The most common complication of primary lymphoma of the bone is a pathological fracture.
- The prognosis of primary lymphoma of the bone is generally good; the 5-year survival rate of patients with primary lymphoma of the bone is commonly >80%.[1]
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
MRI is the imaging modality of choice for the diagnosis of primary lymphoma of the bone.
History and Symptoms
Symptoms of primary lymphoma of the bone may include the following:[2]
- Bone pain
- Limited range of motion
- Morning stiffness
- Low grade fever
- Night sweats
Physical Examination
Patients with primary lymphoma of the bone usually appear pale or malnourished. Physical examination may be remarkable for:
- Swelling of the affected area
- Limited range of motion
- Gait disturbances
- Palpable mass
Laboratory Findings
There are no specific laboratory findings associated with primary lymphoma of the bone. In some cases, non-specific findings may include:[2]
- Elevated LDH
- Elevated β2 microglobulin
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with primary lymphoma of the bone.
X-ray
On conventional radiograph, the following non-specific findings of primary lymphoma of the bone may be found:[2]
- Solitary metadiaphyseal lesion
- Layered periosteal reaction
- Affected bone may be normal or affected by lytic, sclerotic or mixed pattern
- A lytic pattern with permeative bone destruction and a wide zone of transition
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with primary lymphoma of the bone.
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with primary lymphoma of the bone.
MRI
On MRI, findings of primary lymphoma of the bone include:
- Abnormalities in bone marrow
- Soft tissue mass
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with primary lymphoma of the bone.
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with primary lymphoma of the bone.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
The mainstay of therapy for primary lymphoma of the bone is chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy. Response to chemotherapy or radiotherapy can be monitored with imaging studies.
Surgery
Surgical intervention is not recommended among patients with primary lymphoma of the bone.
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of primary lymphoma of the bone.
Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of primary lymphoma of the bone.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Choi JY, Hahn JS, Suh CO, Yang WI (2002). "Primary lymphoma of bone--survival and prognosis". Korean J. Intern. Med. 17 (3): 191–7. PMC 4531681. PMID 12298430.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Primary lymphoma of the bone. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/primary-bone-lymphoma Accessed on May 1st 2016
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sheren Yones, M.D. Primary Lymphoma of the Bone. Pathology Outlines. http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/bonelymphomageneral.html