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{{Ventricular fibrillation}} | {{Ventricular fibrillation}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
In the event of [[cardiac arrest]] due to ventricular fibrillation, the immediate implementation of [[ACLS]] guidelines is indicated. When a [[sudden cardiac arrest]] occurs, immediate [[CPR]] is a vital link in the [[chain of survival]]. Another important link is early [[defibrillation]], which has improved greatly with the widespread availability of [[Automated external defibrillator|AED]]s. It often starts with analysing patient's [[Heart rhythm|heart rhythms]] with a manual [[defibrillator]]. | |||
==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
===Defibrillation=== | ===Defibrillation=== | ||
====Electric | ====Electric Defibrillator==== | ||
The condition can often be reversed by the electric discharge of [[direct current]] from a [[defibrillator]]. Although a defibrillator is designed to correct the problem, and its effects can be dramatic, it is not always successful. | The [[condition]] can often be reversed by the electric discharge of [[direct current]] from a [[defibrillator]]. Although a [[defibrillator]] is designed to correct the problem, and its effects can be dramatic, it is not always successful. | ||
=====Implantable Electric Defibrillator===== | |||
In [[patients]] at high risk of ventricular fibrillation, the use of an | |||
[[Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator|implantable cardioverter defibrillator]] has been shown to be beneficial. | |||
====Precordial Thump==== | |||
If no [[defibrillator]] is available, a [[precordial thump]] can be delivered at the onset of VF for a small chance to regain cardiac function. However, research has shown that the precordial thump releases no more than 30 [[joule]]s of energy. This is far less than the 200–360 J typically used to bring about normal [[sinus rhythm]]. Consequently, in the hospital setting, this treatment is not used. | |||
=== | ===Antiarrhythmic Agents=== | ||
[[Antiarrhythmic agents]] like [[amiodarone]] or [[lidocaine]] can help, but, unlike [[atrial fibrillation]], ventricular fibrillation rarely reverses spontaneously in large adult mammals. Drug therapy with antiarrhythmic agents in ventricular fibrillation does not replace [[defibrillation]] and is not the first priority, but is sometimes needed in cases where initial [[defibrillation]] attempts are not successful. | |||
[[ | |||
[[Medications]] that may be used include: | |||
*[[Amiodarone]], 300 mg bolus IV for VF/[[pulseless VT]] arrest and then 1 mg/min for 6 h. | |||
** Common [[side effects]] include [[hypotension]], [[bradycardia]], [[atrioventricular block]], [[Torsade de pointes|Torsade de point]], [[corneal]] microdeposits, [[thyroid]] abnormalities, and [[pulmonary fibrosis]]. | |||
*[[Lidocaine]], 1 mg/kg bolus IV and then 1–3 mg/min 1–1.5 mg/kg. | |||
** Common [[side effects]] include [[bradycardia]], hemodynamic collapse, [[atrioventricular block]], and [[sinus arrest]]. | |||
*[[Quinidine]], 800 mg in 50 mL IV infused at 50 mg/min. | |||
** Common [[side effects]] include [[syncope]], [[Torsade de pointes|Torsade de point]], [[atrioventricular block]]. | |||
*[[Sotalol]], 75 mg IV. | |||
** Common [[side effects]] include [[bradycardia]], [[hypotension]], [[heart failure]], and [[syncope]]. | |||
====Contraindicated medications==== | |||
{{MedCondContrAbs|MedCond = Ventricular fibrillatioins|Digoxin|Diltiazem|Calcium chloride|Calcium gluconate}} | |||
=== | ==2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death<ref name="Al-KhatibStevenson2018">{{cite journal|last1=Al-Khatib|first1=Sana M.|last2=Stevenson|first2=William G.|last3=Ackerman|first3=Michael J.|last4=Bryant|first4=William J.|last5=Callans|first5=David J.|last6=Curtis|first6=Anne B.|last7=Deal|first7=Barbara J.|last8=Dickfeld|first8=Timm|last9=Field|first9=Michael E.|last10=Fonarow|first10=Gregg C.|last11=Gillis|first11=Anne M.|last12=Granger|first12=Christopher B.|last13=Hammill|first13=Stephen C.|last14=Hlatky|first14=Mark A.|last15=Joglar|first15=José A.|last16=Kay|first16=G. Neal|last17=Matlock|first17=Daniel D.|last18=Myerburg|first18=Robert J.|last19=Page|first19=Richard L.|title=2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death|journal=Circulation|volume=138|issue=13|year=2018|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549}}</ref>== | ||
[[ | ===Acute Management of Ventricular Fibrillation=== | ||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor="LightGreen" |<nowiki>"</nowiki>'' In [[patients]] with hemodynamically unstable VA that persist or recur after a maximal energy shock, intravenous [[amiodarone]] should be administered to attempt to achieve a stable [[rhythm]] after further [[defbrillation]]. ([[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki> | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon" |<nowiki>"</nowiki>''In [[patients]] with symptomatic, non–lifethreatening VA, treatment with a [[beta blocker]] is reasonable. ([[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki> | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon" |<nowiki>"</nowiki>''In [[patients]] with VT/VF storm in whom a [[beta blocker]], other antiarrhythmic [[medications]], and catheter ablation are ineffective, not tolerated, or not possible, [[cardiac]] sympathetic denervation may be reasonable.([[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki> | |||
|} | |||
===Ventricular Fibrillation in Specific Conditions=== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor="LightGreen" |<nowiki>"</nowiki>''In [[patients]] with polymorphic [[VT]] or VF with ST-elevation [[MI]], [[angiography]] with emergency revascularization is recommended. ([[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki> | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon" |<nowiki>"</nowiki>''In [[patients]] with a witnessed cardiac arrest due to VF or polymorphic VT that is unresponsive to [[CPR]], [[defbrillation]], and vasopressor therapy, intravenous [[lidocaine]] can be benefcial.([[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon" |<nowiki>"</nowiki>''In [[patients]] with a recent [[MI]] who have VT/VF that repeatedly recurs despite direct current cardioversion and antiarrhythmic [[medications]] (VT/VF storm), an intravenous [[beta blocker]] can be useful.([[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki> | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"| [[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (No Benefit) | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki> In [[patients]] with refractory VF not related to [[torsades de pointes]], administration of intravenous [[magnesium]] is not benefcial.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>In [[patients]] with incessant VT or VF, an ICD should not be implanted until suffcient control of the VA is achieved to prevent repeated ICD shocks. ''([[AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki> | |||
|} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Cardiology]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Electrophysiology]] | |||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Causes of death]] | |||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:29, 3 March 2020
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Ventricular fibrillation Microchapters |
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Differentiating Ventricular Fibrillation from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Ventricular fibrillation medical therapy On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Ventricular fibrillation medical therapy |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Ventricular fibrillation medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
In the event of cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, the immediate implementation of ACLS guidelines is indicated. When a sudden cardiac arrest occurs, immediate CPR is a vital link in the chain of survival. Another important link is early defibrillation, which has improved greatly with the widespread availability of AEDs. It often starts with analysing patient's heart rhythms with a manual defibrillator.
Medical Therapy
Defibrillation
Electric Defibrillator
The condition can often be reversed by the electric discharge of direct current from a defibrillator. Although a defibrillator is designed to correct the problem, and its effects can be dramatic, it is not always successful.
Implantable Electric Defibrillator
In patients at high risk of ventricular fibrillation, the use of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator has been shown to be beneficial.
Precordial Thump
If no defibrillator is available, a precordial thump can be delivered at the onset of VF for a small chance to regain cardiac function. However, research has shown that the precordial thump releases no more than 30 joules of energy. This is far less than the 200–360 J typically used to bring about normal sinus rhythm. Consequently, in the hospital setting, this treatment is not used.
Antiarrhythmic Agents
Antiarrhythmic agents like amiodarone or lidocaine can help, but, unlike atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation rarely reverses spontaneously in large adult mammals. Drug therapy with antiarrhythmic agents in ventricular fibrillation does not replace defibrillation and is not the first priority, but is sometimes needed in cases where initial defibrillation attempts are not successful.
Medications that may be used include:
- Amiodarone, 300 mg bolus IV for VF/pulseless VT arrest and then 1 mg/min for 6 h.
- Common side effects include hypotension, bradycardia, atrioventricular block, Torsade de point, corneal microdeposits, thyroid abnormalities, and pulmonary fibrosis.
- Lidocaine, 1 mg/kg bolus IV and then 1–3 mg/min 1–1.5 mg/kg.
- Common side effects include bradycardia, hemodynamic collapse, atrioventricular block, and sinus arrest.
- Quinidine, 800 mg in 50 mL IV infused at 50 mg/min.
- Common side effects include syncope, Torsade de point, atrioventricular block.
- Sotalol, 75 mg IV.
- Common side effects include bradycardia, hypotension, heart failure, and syncope.
Contraindicated medications
Ventricular fibrillatioins is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:
2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death[1]
Acute Management of Ventricular Fibrillation
| Class I |
| " In patients with hemodynamically unstable VA that persist or recur after a maximal energy shock, intravenous amiodarone should be administered to attempt to achieve a stable rhythm after further defbrillation. (Level of Evidence: A)" |
| Class IIa |
| "In patients with symptomatic, non–lifethreatening VA, treatment with a beta blocker is reasonable. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
| Class IIb |
| "In patients with VT/VF storm in whom a beta blocker, other antiarrhythmic medications, and catheter ablation are ineffective, not tolerated, or not possible, cardiac sympathetic denervation may be reasonable.(Level of Evidence: C)" |
Ventricular Fibrillation in Specific Conditions
| Class I |
| "In patients with polymorphic VT or VF with ST-elevation MI, angiography with emergency revascularization is recommended. (Level of Evidence: B)" |
| Class IIa |
| "In patients with a witnessed cardiac arrest due to VF or polymorphic VT that is unresponsive to CPR, defbrillation, and vasopressor therapy, intravenous lidocaine can be benefcial.(Level of Evidence: B)" |
| "In patients with a recent MI who have VT/VF that repeatedly recurs despite direct current cardioversion and antiarrhythmic medications (VT/VF storm), an intravenous beta blocker can be useful.(Level of Evidence: B)" |
| Class III (No Benefit) |
| " In patients with refractory VF not related to torsades de pointes, administration of intravenous magnesium is not benefcial.(Level of Evidence: C)" |
| "In patients with incessant VT or VF, an ICD should not be implanted until suffcient control of the VA is achieved to prevent repeated ICD shocks. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
References
- ↑ Al-Khatib, Sana M.; Stevenson, William G.; Ackerman, Michael J.; Bryant, William J.; Callans, David J.; Curtis, Anne B.; Deal, Barbara J.; Dickfeld, Timm; Field, Michael E.; Fonarow, Gregg C.; Gillis, Anne M.; Granger, Christopher B.; Hammill, Stephen C.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Joglar, José A.; Kay, G. Neal; Matlock, Daniel D.; Myerburg, Robert J.; Page, Richard L. (2018). "2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death". Circulation. 138 (13). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549. ISSN 0009-7322.