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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Avian influenza}}
{{Avian influenza}}'''For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see [[Influenza]]'''
{{CMG}}
'''For more details about the avian influenza transmission, replication, and mechanism of infection in humans, click [[Avian influenza pathophysiology|here]]'''
<br><br>
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{YD}}
==Overview==
Avian influenza is caused by '''influenza A virus'''. Neither [[influenza B]] nor [[influenza C]] causes avian influenza. Influenza belongs to the ''[[Orthomyxoviridae]]'' family. Influenza is an [[enveloped]], [[pleomorphic]] ([[spherical]] and [[filamentous]] forms) virus that contains a [[linear]], [[segmented]] (8 segments), [[negative-sense]], [[single-stranded]] [[RNA]] genome. The genome is composed of 8 segmented genes that encode 11 proteins.
 
==Causes==
Avian influenza is caused by '''influenza A virus'''. Neither influenza B nor influenza C causes avian influenza.
 
===Family===
*The influenza virus belongs to the ''Orthomyxoviridae'' family.
 
===Genome===
*The influenza A virus contains linear, segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA.
*The RNA genome is segmented into 8 distinct segments.
*The total genomic length is approximately 13,000 nucleotides (range from 12,000 to 15,000).
*The genome is composed of 8 genes that encode 11 proteins.
 
The genome of influenza A consists of 8 gene segments, which encode 11 proteins<ref name="pmid18403604">{{cite journal| author=Korteweg C, Gu J| title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2008 | volume= 172 | issue= 5 | pages= 1155-70 | pmid=18403604 | doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791 | pmc=PMC2329826 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18403604  }} </ref>:
*'''Hemagglutinin (HA)''': Surface protein that acts as a receptor binding site. HA is targeted by host antibodies to neutralize the virus.<ref name="pmid18403604">{{cite journal| author=Korteweg C, Gu J| title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2008 | volume= 172 | issue= 5 | pages= 1155-70 | pmid=18403604 | doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791 | pmc=PMC2329826 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18403604  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16518756">{{cite journal| author=Zhou J, Law HK, Cheung CY, Ng IH, Peiris JS, Lau YL| title=Functional tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand production by avian influenza virus-infected macrophages. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2006 | volume= 193 | issue= 7 | pages= 945-53 | pmid=16518756 | doi=10.1086/500954 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16518756  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16371632">{{cite journal| author=de Jong MD, Tran TT, Truong HK, Vo MH, Smith GJ, Nguyen VC et al.| title=Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 353 | issue= 25 | pages= 2667-72 | pmid=16371632 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa054512 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16371632  }} </ref>
*'''Neuraminidase (NA)''': Cleaves progeny virions from host cell receptors.<ref name="pmid18403604">{{cite journal| author=Korteweg C, Gu J| title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2008 | volume= 172 | issue= 5 | pages= 1155-70 | pmid=18403604 | doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791 | pmc=PMC2329826 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18403604  }} </ref>
*'''Polymerase proteins''': PB1, PB2, PA, and PB1-F2. These proteins form the polymerase complex. Together with the NP protein, form the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex to induce replication and transcription. Additionally, PB1-F2 has a role in inducing apoptosis.<ref name="pmid18403604">{{cite journal| author=Korteweg C, Gu J| title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2008 | volume= 172 | issue= 5 | pages= 1155-70 | pmid=18403604 | doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791 | pmc=PMC2329826 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18403604  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11546875">{{cite journal| author=Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y| title=Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses. | journal=Science | year= 2001 | volume= 293 | issue= 5536 | pages= 1840-2 | pmid=11546875 | doi=10.1126/science.1062882 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11546875  }} </ref>
*'''Nucleoprotein (NP)''': Together with the polymerase proteins, NP forms the RNP complex to induce replication and transcription.<ref name="pmid18403604">{{cite journal| author=Korteweg C, Gu J| title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2008 | volume= 172 | issue= 5 | pages= 1155-70 | pmid=18403604 | doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791 | pmc=PMC2329826 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18403604  }} </ref>
*'''Non-structural proteins''': NS1 and NS2. NS1 processes mRNA and helps the virus evade the host immune responses. NS2 controls the exporting process of RNP from the host nucleus.<ref name="pmid18403604">{{cite journal| author=Korteweg C, Gu J| title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2008 | volume= 172 | issue= 5 | pages= 1155-70 | pmid=18403604 | doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791 | pmc=PMC2329826 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18403604  }} </ref>
*'''Matrix proteins''': M1 and M2. M1 has a role in viral assembly. M2 controls pH in the Golgi body.<ref name="pmid18403604">{{cite journal| author=Korteweg C, Gu J| title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2008 | volume= 172 | issue= 5 | pages= 1155-70 | pmid=18403604 | doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791 | pmc=PMC2329826 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18403604  }} </ref>
 
===Morphology===
*The influenza virus contains an envelope.
*The influenza virus is pleomorphic with spherical and filamentous forms with particles that are approximately 80 nm to 120 nm in diameter.


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==Overview==
Avian [[influenza]] is an [[infection]] caused by avian (bird) [[influenza virus|influenza (flu) viruses]]. These [[influenza virus]]es occur naturally among birds. Wild birds worldwide carry the [[virus]]es in their [[intestine]]s, but usually do not get sick from them. However, avian [[influenza]] is very [[contagious]] among birds and can make some domesticated birds, including chickens, ducks, and turkeys, very sick and kill them.  There are many different subtypes of type A [[influenza virus]]es. Usually, “avian [[influenza virus]]” refers to [[influenza A virus]]es found chiefly in birds, but [[infection]]s with these [[virus]]es can occur in humans. “Human [[influenza virus]]” usually refers to those subtypes that spread widely among humans. There are only three known A subtypes of [[influenza virus]]es ([[H1N1]], [[H1N2]], and [[H3N2]]) currently circulating among humans. [[Influenza A virus]]es are constantly changing, and they might adapt over time to infect and spread among humans.
==References==
==References==


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[[Category:Bird diseases]]
[[Category:Bird diseases]]
[[Category:Avian influenza]]
[[Category:Avian influenza]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Animal virology]]
[[Category:Animal virology]]
[[Category:Microbiology]]
[[Category:Microbiology]]

Latest revision as of 17:04, 18 September 2017

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For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see Influenza

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.

Overview

Avian influenza is caused by influenza A virus. Neither influenza B nor influenza C causes avian influenza. Influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family. Influenza is an enveloped, pleomorphic (spherical and filamentous forms) virus that contains a linear, segmented (8 segments), negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The genome is composed of 8 segmented genes that encode 11 proteins.

Causes

Avian influenza is caused by influenza A virus. Neither influenza B nor influenza C causes avian influenza.

Family

  • The influenza virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family.

Genome

  • The influenza A virus contains linear, segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA.
  • The RNA genome is segmented into 8 distinct segments.
  • The total genomic length is approximately 13,000 nucleotides (range from 12,000 to 15,000).
  • The genome is composed of 8 genes that encode 11 proteins.

The genome of influenza A consists of 8 gene segments, which encode 11 proteins[1]:

  • Hemagglutinin (HA): Surface protein that acts as a receptor binding site. HA is targeted by host antibodies to neutralize the virus.[1][2][3]
  • Neuraminidase (NA): Cleaves progeny virions from host cell receptors.[1]
  • Polymerase proteins: PB1, PB2, PA, and PB1-F2. These proteins form the polymerase complex. Together with the NP protein, form the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex to induce replication and transcription. Additionally, PB1-F2 has a role in inducing apoptosis.[1][4]
  • Nucleoprotein (NP): Together with the polymerase proteins, NP forms the RNP complex to induce replication and transcription.[1]
  • Non-structural proteins: NS1 and NS2. NS1 processes mRNA and helps the virus evade the host immune responses. NS2 controls the exporting process of RNP from the host nucleus.[1]
  • Matrix proteins: M1 and M2. M1 has a role in viral assembly. M2 controls pH in the Golgi body.[1]

Morphology

  • The influenza virus contains an envelope.
  • The influenza virus is pleomorphic with spherical and filamentous forms with particles that are approximately 80 nm to 120 nm in diameter.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Korteweg C, Gu J (2008). "Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans". Am J Pathol. 172 (5): 1155–70. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791. PMC 2329826. PMID 18403604.
  2. ↑ Zhou J, Law HK, Cheung CY, Ng IH, Peiris JS, Lau YL (2006). "Functional tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand production by avian influenza virus-infected macrophages". J Infect Dis. 193 (7): 945–53. doi:10.1086/500954. PMID 16518756.
  3. ↑ de Jong MD, Tran TT, Truong HK, Vo MH, Smith GJ, Nguyen VC; et al. (2005). "Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection". N Engl J Med. 353 (25): 2667–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054512. PMID 16371632.
  4. ↑ Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y (2001). "Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses". Science. 293 (5536): 1840–2. doi:10.1126/science.1062882. PMID 11546875.

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