Avian influenza epidemiology and demographics
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For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see Influenza
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.
Overview
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an incidence of 3 to 5 million cases of severe influenza disease annually, including 250,000 to 500,000 deaths every year. The case fatality rate per outbreak is highly variable and may range from less than 1 to more than 200 per 100,000 cases. Influenza may infect patients of all age groups, but elderly patients > 65 years, young children (especially patients < 2 years of age), and adolescents are at high risk of developing complications and death. There is no racial or gender predilection for avian influenza infection.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence[1][2]
- The incidence of avian influenza is difficult to extrapolate from the annual incidence of influenza in general.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an incidence of 3 to 5 million cases of severe influenza disease annually, including 250,000 to 500,000 deaths every year.
- The annual incidence may vary significantly depending on whether an influenza outbreak occurs or not.[3]
- During outbreaks, the influenza may infect millions of individuals with an annual mortality rate that ranges between 15,000 (in 2009 influenza pandemic) and 100 million (in 1918 influenza pandemic).
- The case fatality rate per outbreak is also highly variable and may range from less than 1 to more than 200 per 100,000 cases.[3]
Age
- Influenza, including avian influenza, may infect patients of all age groups.[3]
- Determination of specific at-risk patient populations depends on the virus subtype.
- High risk populations are elderly > 65 years, young children (especially patients < 2 years of age), and adolescents.
Race
- There is no racial predilection for avian influenza infection.
Gender
- There is no gender predilection for avian influenza infection.
References
- ↑ Li Q, Zhou L, Zhou M, Chen Z, Li F, Wu H, Xiang N, Chen E, Tang F, Wang D, Meng L, Hong Z, Tu W, Cao Y, Li L, Ding F, Liu B, Wang M, Xie R, Gao R, Li X, Bai T, Zou S, He J, Hu J, Xu Y, Chai C, Wang S, Gao Y, Jin L, Zhang Y, Luo H, Yu H, He J, Li Q, Wang X, Gao L, Pang X, Liu G, Yan Y, Yuan H, Shu Y, Yang W, Wang Y, Wu F, Uyeki TM, Feng Z (2014). "Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China". N. Engl. J. Med. 370 (6): 520–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1304617. PMID 23614499.
- ↑ Heymann, David (2015). Control of communicable diseases manual : an official report of the American Public Health Association. Washington, DC: APHA Press, an imprint of the American Public Health Association. ISBN 978-0-87553-018-5.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Avian Influenza Factsheet. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ Accessed on February 17, 2017