Acrocyanosis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Acrocyanosis}}
{{Acrocyanosis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}
 
==Overview==
Acrocyanosis results from central or local tissue oxygenation defects<ref name="pmid24249890">{{cite journal| author=Das S, Maiti A| title=Acrocyanosis: an overview. | journal=Indian J Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 58 | issue= 6 | pages= 417-20 | pmid=24249890 | doi=10.4103/0019-5154.119946 | pmc=PMC3827510 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24249890  }} </ref>.  Acrocyanosis could be due to both primary and secondary causes, from neurologic, psychiatric, autoimmune, infective, metabolic or other causes and its treatment depends on the underlying cause.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Arsenic poisoning]]
*[[Ethylmalonic encephalopathy]] <ref name="pmid22805253">{{cite journal| author=Pavlou E, Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Gregersen N, Haas D, Gkampeta A, Athanassiadou-Piperopoulou F| title=An infant with ethylmalonic encephalopathy masquerading as a hematologic disorder. | journal=J Child Neurol | year= 2013 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 668-71 | pmid=22805253 | doi=10.1177/0883073812449070 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22805253  }} </ref>
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Arsenic poisoning]]
*[[Raynaud's phenomenon]] <ref name="pmid17218139">{{cite journal| author=Gayraud M| title=Raynaud's phenomenon. | journal=Joint Bone Spine | year= 2007 | volume= 74 | issue= 1 | pages= e1-8 | pmid=17218139 | doi=10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.07.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17218139  }} </ref>
*[[Scleroderma]]
*[[Scleroderma]]
*[[Ethylmalonic encephalopathy]]
The blue discoloration that is seen in a person with acrocyanosis may also be caused by [[argyria]] or [[Dapsone|DADPS]].


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | Atheromatous embolism, [[Myocardial infarction]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[Arsenic poisoning]], [[fucosidosis]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |  [[embolism|Atheromatous embolism]], [[Buerger's disease]], [[orthostatic intolerance|chronic orthostatic intolerance]], [[erythromelalgia]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[Takayasu arteritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arsenic poisoning]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arsenic poisoning]], [[Butyl nitrate]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Acrocyanosis of infancy, black foot disease, [[fucosidosis]], [[livedoid vasculopathy]], remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, [[scleroderma]], [[sulfhemoglobinemia]], [[anorexia nervosa]], [[Buerger's disease]], [[ethylmalonic encephalopathy]], [[waldenström macroglobulinemia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| Acrocyanosis of infancy, black foot disease, [[Buerger's disease]], [[ethylmalonic encephalopathy]], [[fucosidosis]], [[livedoid vasculopathy]], [[oxalosis]], remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, [[scleroderma]], [[sulfhemoglobinemia]], Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, [[waldenström macroglobulinemia]], [[wegener's granulomatosis]]  
Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, [[wegener's granulomatosis]], [[arsenic poisoning]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amphotericin B]] deoxycholate, [[butyl nitrate]], [[imipramine]], interferon 2 alpha
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amiodarone]], [[amphotericin B|Amphotericin B deoxycholate]], [[butyl nitrate]], [[butyl nitrite]], [[desipramine]], [[fluoxetine]], [[gemcitabine]], [[imipramine]], [[IFNA2|interferon 2 alpha]], [[metoclopramide]], [[phenazopyridine]], [[tolazoline]], [[tricyclic antidepressants]], [[vasopressors]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[bulimia nervosa]], [[carcinoid syndrome]], [[POEMS syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arsenic poisoning]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cold exposure]], [[high altitude]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ethylmalonic encephalopathy]], [[scleroderma]], [[fucosidosis]], atheromatous embolism, [[anorexia nervosa]], [[waldenström macroglobulinemia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Anorexia nervosa]], [[bulimia nervosa]], [[carcinoid syndrome]], [[fucosidosis]], [[Sandifer syndrome]], [[scleroderma]], [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Genetic]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome]], [[asperger syndrome|Asperger disease]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[erythromelalgia]], [[ethylmalonic encephalopathy|ethylmalonic aciduria]], [[ethylmalonic encephalopathy]], [[spastic paraplegia|familial spastic paraplegia]], [[fucosidosis]], [[genetic]], [[mitochondrial disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[cold agglutinin disease]], [[cryoglobulinemia]], [[essential thrombocytopenia]], [[methemoglobinemia]], secondary [[polycythemia]], [[sulfhemoglobinemia]], [[waldenström macroglobulinemia]], [[ethylmalonic encephalopathy]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[carcinoid syndrome]], [[Castleman's disease]], [[chronic lymphocytic leukemia]], [[cold agglutinin disease]], [[cryoglobulinemia]], [[essential thrombocythemia]], [[methemoglobinemia]], [[paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[polycythemia|secondary polycythemia]], [[sulfhemoglobinemia]], [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital syphilis]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[HIV]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[influenza|influenza virus infection]], [[listeriosis]], [[mumps]], [[mycoplasma]], [[parvovirus B19 infection]], [[psittacosis]], [[secondary syphilis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Puffy hand syndrome, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, [[fucosidosis]], brachial plexus neuropathy, [[stroke]], [[Buerger's disease]], [[erythromelalgia]], [[waldenström macroglobulinemia]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[brachial plexus|brachial plexus neuropathy]], [[Buerger's disease]], [[erythromelalgia]], [[fucosidosis]], [[Klippel-Feil syndrome]], puffy hand syndrome, [[stroke]],remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, [[thoracic outlet syndrome|scalenus anterior syndrome]], [[cervical rib|supernumerary cervical rib]], Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Brachial plexus neuropathy, [[spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]], [[waldenström macroglobulinemia]], [[ethylmalonic encephalopathy]], [[fucosidosis]], atheromatous embolism, [[arsenic poisoning]], Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[chronic fatigue syndrome|Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[apnea]], [[asperger syndrome|Asperger disease]], [[brachial plexus|brachial plexus neuropathy]], [[cervical plexus|cervical plexus compression neuropathy]], [[ergotism]], [[erythromelalgia]], [[ethylmalonic encephalopathy|ethylmalonic aciduria]], [[ethylmalonic encephalopathy]], [[ spastic paraplegia|familial spastic paraplegia]], [[mitochondrial disease]], [[POEMS syndrome]], [[Sandifer syndrome]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]], [[thoracic outlet syndrome]], [[tonic-clonic seizure]], Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, [[dystonia|vegetative dystonia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arsenic poisoning]], [[anorexia nervosa]], atheromatous embolism
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[bulimia nervosa]], [[ethylmalonic encephalopathy|ethylmalonic aciduria]], [[fucosidosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia nervosa]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]],[[ovarian cancer]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Burkitt's lymphoma]], [[carcinoid syndrome]], [[chronic lymphocytic leukemia]], [[Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[malignancy]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome|paraneoplastic disorder]], [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, [[wegener's granulomatosis]], atheromatous embolism
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[embolism|Atheromatous embolism]], Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Ergotism]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia nervosa]], asperger disease, [[schizophrenia]], Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[chronic fatigue syndrome|Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[anorexia nervosa]], [[asperger syndrome|asperger disease]], [[bulimia nervosa]], [[neurocirculatory asthenia]], [[schizophrenia]], Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]], pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[scleroderma]], [[arsenic poisoning]], [[wegener's granulomatosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[scleroderma]], [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Atheromatous embolism, [[wegener's granulomatosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[waldenström macroglobulinemia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[hyperoxaluria|Hyperoxaluria type 1]], [[oxalosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Buerger's disease]], [[erythromelalgia]], [[wegener's granulomatosis]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[chronic fatigue syndrome|Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[Buerger's disease]], [[Castleman's disease]], [[CREST syndrome]], [[cryoglobulinemia]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[livedoid vasculopathy]], [[mixed connective tissue disorder]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome|paraneoplastic disorder]], [[paraproteinemia]], [[Raynaud's phenomenon]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[scleroderma]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[systemic sclerosis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Idiopathic]], black foot disease
|bgcolor="Beige"| Black foot disease, [[high altitude]], [[idiopathic]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
*Acrocyanosis of infancy
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
*[[Amphotericin B]] deoxycholate
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[acrocyanosis|Acrocyanosis of infancy]]
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
*[[chronic fatigue syndrome|Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome]] <ref name="pmid9917448">{{cite journal| author=Stewart JM, Gewitz MH, Weldon A, Arlievsky N, Li K, Munoz J| title=Orthostatic intolerance in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1999 | volume= 103 | issue= 1 | pages= 116-21 | pmid=9917448 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9917448  }} </ref>
*[[Arsenic poisoning]]
*[[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome]] <ref name="pmid15303808">{{cite journal| author=Abdel-Salam GM, Zaki MS, Lebon P, Meguid NA| title=Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: clinical and neuroradiological findings of 10 new cases. | journal=Acta Paediatr | year= 2004 | volume= 93 | issue= 7 | pages= 929-36 | pmid=15303808 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15303808  }} </ref>
*Asperger disease
*[[Amiodarone]]
*Atheromatous embolism
*[[amphotericin B|Amphotericin B deoxycholate]] <ref name="pmid17472626">{{cite journal| author=Ozaras R, Yemisen M, Mete B, Mert A, Ozturk R, Tabak F| title=Acrocyanosis developed with amphotericin B deoxycholate but not with amphotericin B lipid complex. | journal=Mycoses | year= 2007 | volume= 50 | issue= 3 | pages= 242 | pmid=17472626 | doi=10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01360.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17472626  }} </ref>
*[[Anorexia nervosa]] <ref name="pmid16721178">{{cite journal| author=Mitchell JE, Crow S| title=Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. | journal=Curr Opin Psychiatry | year= 2006 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 438-43 | pmid=16721178 | doi=10.1097/01.yco.0000228768.79097.3e | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16721178  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15943493">{{cite journal| author=Strumia R| title=Dermatologic signs in patients with eating disorders. | journal=Am J Clin Dermatol | year= 2005 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 165-73 | pmid=15943493 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15943493  }} </ref>
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] <ref name="pmid19219311">{{cite journal| author=Salluh JI, Soares M, De Meis E| title=Antiphospholipid antibodies and multiple organ failure in critically ill cancer patients. | journal=Clinics (Sao Paulo) | year= 2009 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 79-82 | pmid=19219311 | doi= | pmc=PMC2666481 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19219311  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19102091">{{cite journal| author=Diallo M, Niang SO, Kane A, Dieng MT, Ndiaye B| title=[Antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome in dermatology in Dakar: 11 case report]. | journal=Dakar Med | year= 2007 | volume= 52 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-5 | pmid=19102091 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19102091  }} </ref>
*[[Arsenic poisoning]] <ref name="pmid11869818">{{cite journal| author=Hall AH| title=Chronic arsenic poisoning. | journal=Toxicol Lett | year= 2002 | volume= 128 | issue= 1-3 | pages= 69-72 | pmid=11869818 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11869818  }} </ref>
*[[asperger syndrome|Asperger disease]]
*[[embolism|Atheromatous embolism]]
*Black foot disease
*Black foot disease
*[[Brachial plexus]] neuropathy
*[[brachial plexus|Brachial plexus neuropathy]] <ref name="pmid11499827">{{cite journal| author=Rubin DI, Schomberg PJ, Shepherd RF, Panneton JM| title=Arteritis and brachial plexus neuropathy as delayed complications of radiation therapy. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2001 | volume= 76 | issue= 8 | pages= 849-52 | pmid=11499827 | doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)63232-1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11499827  }} </ref>
*[[Buerger's disease]]
*[[Buerger's disease]]
*[[Bulimia nervosa]] <ref name="pmid16721178">{{cite journal| author=Mitchell JE, Crow S| title=Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. | journal=Curr Opin Psychiatry | year= 2006 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 438-43 | pmid=16721178 | doi=10.1097/01.yco.0000228768.79097.3e | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16721178  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15943493">{{cite journal| author=Strumia R| title=Dermatologic signs in patients with eating disorders. | journal=Am J Clin Dermatol | year= 2005 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 165-73 | pmid=15943493 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15943493  }} </ref>
*[[Burkitt's lymphoma]] <ref name="pmid8477174">{{cite journal| author=Smith P, Rice M, Ricci N, Toogood I, Roberton D| title=A case of Burkitt's lymphoma presenting with digital ischaemia. | journal=Acta Paediatr | year= 1993 | volume= 82 | issue= 2 | pages= 217-9 | pmid=8477174 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8477174  }} </ref>
*[[Butyl nitrate]]
*[[Butyl nitrate]]
*[[Cold agglutinin disease]]
*[[Butyl nitrite]] <ref name="pmid9923790">{{cite journal| author=Hoegl L, Thoma-Greber E, Poppinger J, Röcken M| title=Butyl nitrite-induced acrocyanosis in an HIV-infected patient. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1999 | volume= 135 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-1 | pmid=9923790 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9923790  }} </ref>
*[[Cryoglobulinemia]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]] <ref name="pmid18033083">{{cite journal| author=Di Lucca J, Mahé E, Saiag P| title=[Severe acrocyanosis in carcinoid syndrome]. | journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol | year= 2007 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 895-6 | pmid=18033083 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18033083  }} </ref>
*[[Erythromelalgia]]
*[[Castleman's disease]]
*[[Essential thrombocytopenia]]
*[[cervical plexus|Cervical plexus compression neuropathy]]
*[[Ethylmalonic encephalopathy]]
*[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]]
*[[Fucosidosis]]
*[[orthostatic intolerance|Chronic orthostatic intolerance]] <ref name="pmid9917448">{{cite journal| author=Stewart JM, Gewitz MH, Weldon A, Arlievsky N, Li K, Munoz J| title=Orthostatic intolerance in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1999 | volume= 103 | issue= 1 | pages= 116-21 | pmid=9917448 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9917448  }} </ref>
*[[Cold agglutinin disease]] <ref name="pmid21558747">{{cite journal| author=Hirono H, Kubota T, Funakoshi K, Watanabe T, Hasegawa K, Soga K et al.| title=[A case of superior mesenteric artery occlusion associated with idiopathic chronic cold agglutinin disease]. | journal=Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi | year= 2011 | volume= 108 | issue= 5 | pages= 791-8 | pmid=21558747 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21558747  }} </ref>
*[[Cold exposure]]
*[[Congenital syphilis]]
*[[CREST syndrome]] <ref name="pmid21956352">{{cite journal| author=Lauritano D, Bussolati A, Baldoni M, Leonida A| title=Scleroderma and CREST syndrome: a case report in dentistry. | journal=Minerva Stomatol | year= 2011 | volume= 60 | issue= 9 | pages= 443-65 | pmid=21956352 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21956352  }} </ref>
*[[Cryoglobulinemia]] <ref name="pmid8915697">{{cite journal| author=Iguchi S, Toba K, Fuse I, Wada Y, Maruyama S, Takahashi M et al.| title=Severe cryoglobulinemia in a patient with asymptomatic hepatitis C virus infection. | journal=Intern Med | year= 1996 | volume= 35 | issue= 9 | pages= 712-6 | pmid=8915697 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8915697  }} </ref>
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Desipramine]]
*[[DiGeorge syndrome]] <ref name="pmid12111192">{{cite journal| author=Bruno B, Barbier C, Lambilliotte A, Rey C, Turck D| title=Auto-immune pancytopenia in a child with DiGeorge syndrome. | journal=Eur J Pediatr | year= 2002 | volume= 161 | issue= 7 | pages= 390-2 | pmid=12111192 | doi=10.1007/s00431-002-0976-y | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12111192  }} </ref>
*[[Ergotism]]
*[[Erythromelalgia]] <ref name="pmid11208311">{{cite journal| author=Tarach JS, Nowicka-Tarach BM, Matuszek B, Nowakowski A| title=Erythromelalgia--a thrombotic complication in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. | journal=Med Sci Monit | year= 2000 | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 204-8 | pmid=11208311 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11208311  }} </ref>
*[[Essential thrombocythemia]] <ref name="pmid9263353">{{cite journal| author=Koudstaal PJ, Koudstaal A| title=Neurologic and visual symptoms in essential thrombocythemia: efficacy of low-dose aspirin. | journal=Semin Thromb Hemost | year= 1997 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 365-70 | pmid=9263353 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-996110 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9263353  }} </ref>
*[[ethylmalonic encephalopathy|Ethylmalonic aciduria]] <ref name="pmid7726376">{{cite journal| author=Ozand PT, Rashed M, Millington DS, Sakati N, Hazzaa S, Rahbeeni Z et al.| title=Ethylmalonic aciduria: an organic acidemia with CNS involvement and vasculopathy. | journal=Brain Dev | year= 1994 | volume= 16 Suppl | issue=  | pages= 12-22 | pmid=7726376 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7726376  }} </ref>
*[[Ethylmalonic encephalopathy]] <ref name="pmid16376514">{{cite journal| author=Heberle LC, Al Tawari AA, Ramadan DG, Ibrahim JK| title=Ethylmalonic encephalopathy-report of two cases. | journal=Brain Dev | year= 2006 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 329-31 | pmid=16376514 | doi=10.1016/j.braindev.2005.10.005 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16376514  }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[spastic paraplegia|Familial spastic paraplegia]]
*[[Fluoxetine]]
*[[Fucosidosis]] <ref name="pmid9155966">{{cite journal| author=Fleming C, Rennie A, Fallowfield M, McHenry PM| title=Cutaneous manifestations of fucosidosis. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 1997 | volume= 136 | issue= 4 | pages= 594-7 | pmid=9155966 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9155966  }} </ref>
*[[Gemcitabine]] <ref name="pmid19490003">{{cite journal| author=Holstein A, Bätge R, Egberts EH| title=Gemcitabine induced digital ischaemia and necrosis. | journal=Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) | year= 2010 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 408-9 | pmid=19490003 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2354.2008.01057.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19490003  }} </ref>
*[[Genetic]]
*[[Genetic]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[High altitude]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[HIV]]
*Interferon 2 alpha
*[[Hodgkin lymphoma]] <ref name="pmid16432859">{{cite journal| author=Solak Y, Aksoy S, Kilickap S, Celik I| title=Acrocyanosis as a presenting symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 2006 | volume= 81 | issue= 2 | pages= 151-2 | pmid=16432859 | doi=10.1002/ajh.20479 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16432859  }} </ref>
*[[hyperoxaluria|Hyperoxaluria type 1]]
*[[Idiopathic]] <ref name="pmid11712060">{{cite journal| author=Nousari HC, Kimyai-Asadi A, Anhalt GJ| title=Chronic idiopathic acrocyanosis. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2001 | volume= 45 | issue= 6 Suppl | pages= S207-8 | pmid=11712060 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11712060  }} </ref>
*[[Imipramine]] <ref name="pmid3348672">{{cite journal| author=Anderson RP, Morris BA| title=Acrocyanosis due to imipramine. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 1988 | volume= 63 | issue= 2 | pages= 204-5 | pmid=3348672 | doi= | pmc=PMC1778745 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3348672  }} </ref>
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[influenza|Influenza virus infection]]
*[[IFNA2|Interferon 2 alpha]] <ref name="pmid9621152">{{cite journal| author=Campo-Voegeli A, Estrach T, Marti RM, Corominas N, Tuset M, Mascaró JM| title=Acrocyanosis induced by interferon alpha(2a). | journal=Dermatology | year= 1998 | volume= 196 | issue= 3 | pages= 361-3 | pmid=9621152 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9621152  }} </ref>
*[[Klippel-Feil syndrome]]
*[[Listeriosis]]
*[[Livedoid vasculopathy]]
*[[Livedoid vasculopathy]]
*[[Methemoglobinemia]]
*[[Malignancy]]
*[[Methemoglobinemia]] <ref name="pmid18605250">{{cite journal| author=Jiminez MA, Polena S, Coplan NL, Patel K, Gintautas J| title=Methemoglobinemia and transesophageal echo. | journal=Proc West Pharmacol Soc | year= 2007 | volume= 50 | issue=  | pages= 134-5 | pmid=18605250 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18605250  }} </ref>
*[[Metoclopramide]]
*[[Mitochondrial disease]] <ref name="pmid9925836">{{cite journal| author=Bodemer C, Rötig A, Rustin P, Cormier V, Niaudet P, Saudubray JM et al.| title=Hair and skin disorders as signs of mitochondrial disease. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1999 | volume= 103 | issue= 2 | pages= 428-33 | pmid=9925836 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9925836  }} </ref>
*[[Mixed connective tissue disorder]]
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Mycoplasma]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Neurocirculatory asthenia]]
*[[Ovarian cancer]] <ref name="pmid10559594">{{cite journal| author=Legrain S, Raguin G, Piette JC| title=Digital necrosis revealing ovarian cancer. | journal=Dermatology | year= 1999 | volume= 199 | issue= 2 | pages= 183-4 | pmid=10559594 | doi=18235 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10559594  }} </ref>
*[[Oxalosis]] <ref name="pmid23103120">{{cite journal| author=Jorquera-Barquero E, Súarez-Marrero MC, Fernández Girón F, Borrero Martín JJ| title=Oxalosis and livedo reticularis. | journal=Actas Dermosifiliogr | year= 2013 | volume= 104 | issue= 9 | pages= 815-8 | pmid=23103120 | doi=10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23103120  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21768445">{{cite journal| author=Blackmon JA, Jeffy BG, Malone JC, Knable AL| title=Oxalosis involving the skin: case report and literature review. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 147 | issue= 11 | pages= 1302-5 | pmid=21768445 | doi=10.1001/archdermatol.2011.182 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21768445  }} </ref>
*[[paraneoplastic syndrome|Paraneoplastic disorder]]
*[[Paraproteinemia]]
*[[Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria]]
*[[Parvovirus B19 infection]] <ref name="pmid9686060">{{cite journal| author=Penouil MH, Estève E, Millotte B, Bressieux JM| title=[Parvovirus B19 atypical acrosyndrome]. | journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol | year= 1997 | volume= 124 | issue= 3 | pages= 254-6 | pmid=9686060 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9686060  }} </ref>
*[[Phenazopyridine]] <ref name="pmid19300288">{{cite journal| author=Kermani TA, Pislaru SV, Osborn TG| title=Acrocyanosis from phenazopyridine-induced sulfhemoglobinemia mistaken for Raynaud phenomenon. | journal=J Clin Rheumatol | year= 2009 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 127-9 | pmid=19300288 | doi=10.1097/RHU.0b013e31819db6db | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19300288  }} </ref>
*[[Pickwickian syndrome]]
*[[POEMS syndrome]] <ref name="pmid23557151">{{cite journal| author=Miest RY, Comfere NI, Dispenzieri A, Lohse CM, el-Azhary RA| title=Cutaneous manifestations in patients with POEMS syndrome. | journal=Int J Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 52 | issue= 11 | pages= 1349-56 | pmid=23557151 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05648.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23557151  }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Polycythemia]]
*[[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] <ref name="pmid11007589">{{cite journal| author=Stewart JM, Weldon A| title=Vascular perturbations in the chronic orthostatic intolerance of the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. | journal=J Appl Physiol (1985) | year= 2000 | volume= 89 | issue= 4 | pages= 1505-12 | pmid=11007589 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11007589  }} </ref>
*[[Psittacosis]] <ref name="pmid6476861">{{cite journal| author=Semel JD| title=Cutaneous findings in a case of psittacosis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1984 | volume= 120 | issue= 9 | pages= 1227-9 | pmid=6476861 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6476861  }} </ref>
*Puffy hand syndrome
*Puffy hand syndrome
*[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]]
*[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]]
*Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
*[[Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
*Remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis
*[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
*Remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis <ref name="pmid20418987">{{cite journal| author=Das S, Roy AK, Maiti A| title=Remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis - a rare entity. | journal=Indian J Dermatol | year= 2010 | volume= 55 | issue= 1 | pages= 95-6 | pmid=20418987 | doi=10.4103/0019-5154.60362 | pmc=PMC2856383 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20418987  }} </ref>
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Sandifer syndrome]]
*[[thoracic outlet syndrome|Scalenus anterior syndrome]]
*[[Schizophrenia]]
*[[Schizophrenia]]
*[[Scleroderma]]
*[[Scleroderma]] <ref name="pmid21956352">{{cite journal| author=Lauritano D, Bussolati A, Baldoni M, Leonida A| title=Scleroderma and CREST syndrome: a case report in dentistry. | journal=Minerva Stomatol | year= 2011 | volume= 60 | issue= 9 | pages= 443-65 | pmid=21956352 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21956352  }} </ref>
*Secondary [[polycythemia]]
*[[polycythemia|Secondary polycythemia]]
*[[Secondary syphilis]]
*[[Sneddon syndrome]] <ref name="pmid8310361">{{cite journal| author=Lotz BP, Schutte CM, Colin PF, Biermann LD| title=Sneddon's syndrome with anticardiolipin antibodies--complications and treatment. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1993 | volume= 83 | issue= 9 | pages= 663-4 | pmid=8310361 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8310361  }} </ref>
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]]
*[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]]
*[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]]
*[[cervical rib|Supernumerary cervical rib]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] <ref name="pmid20693202">{{cite journal| author=Richter JG, Sander O, Schneider M, Klein-Weigel P| title=Diagnostic algorithm for Raynaud's phenomenon and vascular skin lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. | journal=Lupus | year= 2010 | volume= 19 | issue= 9 | pages= 1087-95 | pmid=20693202 | doi=10.1177/0961203310374304 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20693202  }} </ref>
*[[Systemic sclerosis]] <ref name="pmid17134313">{{cite journal| author=Feito Rodríguez M, García Macarrón J, Martín Díaz MA, Rubio Flores C, Vidaurrázaga Díaz-Arcaya C| title=[Acrocyanosis as a form of presentation of progressive systemic sclerosis]. | journal=An Med Interna | year= 2006 | volume= 23 | issue= 10 | pages= 490-2 | pmid=17134313 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17134313  }} </ref>
*[[Takayasu arteritis]] <ref name="pmid12491834">{{cite journal| author=Cornejo R, Gatica H, Segovia E, Cortés C| title=[Intestinal necrosis as clinical presentation of Takayasu arteritis]. | journal=Rev Med Chil | year= 2002 | volume= 130 | issue= 10 | pages= 1159-64 | pmid=12491834 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12491834  }} </ref>
*[[Thoracic outlet syndrome]]
*[[Tolazoline]]
*[[Tonic-clonic seizure]]
*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]] <ref name="pmid12921305">{{cite journal| author=Karakaya I, Aydoğan M, Coşkun A, Gökalp AS| title=Acrocyanosis as a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants: a case report. | journal=Turk J Pediatr | year= 2003 | volume= 45 | issue= 2 | pages= 155-7 | pmid=12921305 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12921305  }} </ref>
*Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
*Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
*[[Vasopressors]]
*[[dystonia|Vegetative dystonia]]
*[[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]]
*[[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]]
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Medical signs]]
 
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Physical examination]]
[[Category:Physical examination]]


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Latest revision as of 17:27, 29 May 2015

Acrocyanosis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Acrocyanosis results from central or local tissue oxygenation defects[1]. Acrocyanosis could be due to both primary and secondary causes, from neurologic, psychiatric, autoimmune, infective, metabolic or other causes and its treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Atheromatous embolism, Buerger's disease, chronic orthostatic intolerance, erythromelalgia, myocardial infarction, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, Sneddon syndrome, Takayasu arteritis
Chemical / poisoning Arsenic poisoning, Butyl nitrate
Dermatologic Acrocyanosis of infancy, black foot disease, Buerger's disease, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, fucosidosis, livedoid vasculopathy, oxalosis, remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, scleroderma, sulfhemoglobinemia, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, waldenström macroglobulinemia, wegener's granulomatosis
Drug Side Effect Amiodarone, Amphotericin B deoxycholate, butyl nitrate, butyl nitrite, desipramine, fluoxetine, gemcitabine, imipramine, interferon 2 alpha, metoclopramide, phenazopyridine, tolazoline, tricyclic antidepressants, vasopressors
Ear Nose Throat Wegener's granulomatosis, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
Endocrine Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, carcinoid syndrome, POEMS syndrome
Environmental Cold exposure, high altitude
Gastroenterologic Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, carcinoid syndrome, fucosidosis, Sandifer syndrome, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Genetic Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, Asperger disease, DiGeorge syndrome, erythromelalgia, ethylmalonic aciduria, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, familial spastic paraplegia, fucosidosis, genetic, mitochondrial disease
Hematologic Antiphospholipid syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, Castleman's disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, cold agglutinin disease, cryoglobulinemia, essential thrombocythemia, methemoglobinemia, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, polycythemia, pulmonary embolism, secondary polycythemia, sulfhemoglobinemia, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Congenital syphilis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, infectious mononucleosis, influenza virus infection, listeriosis, mumps, mycoplasma, parvovirus B19 infection, psittacosis, secondary syphilis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Antiphospholipid syndrome, brachial plexus neuropathy, Buerger's disease, erythromelalgia, fucosidosis, Klippel-Feil syndrome, puffy hand syndrome, stroke,remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, scalenus anterior syndrome, supernumerary cervical rib, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Neurologic Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, apnea, Asperger disease, brachial plexus neuropathy, cervical plexus compression neuropathy, ergotism, erythromelalgia, ethylmalonic aciduria, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, familial spastic paraplegia, mitochondrial disease, POEMS syndrome, Sandifer syndrome, Sneddon syndrome, spinal cord injury, stroke, thoracic outlet syndrome, tonic-clonic seizure, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, vegetative dystonia
Nutritional / Metabolic Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, ethylmalonic aciduria, fucosidosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic Antiphospholipid syndrome,ovarian cancer
Oncologic Burkitt's lymphoma, carcinoid syndrome, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, malignancy, ovarian cancer, paraneoplastic disorder, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Opthalmologic Atheromatous embolism, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Overdose / Toxicity Ergotism
Psychiatric Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, anorexia nervosa, asperger disease, bulimia nervosa, neurocirculatory asthenia, schizophrenia, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
Pulmonary Pickwickian syndrome, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Renal / Electrolyte Hyperoxaluria type 1, oxalosis, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, Buerger's disease, Castleman's disease, CREST syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, DiGeorge syndrome, livedoid vasculopathy, mixed connective tissue disorder, paraneoplastic disorder, paraproteinemia, Raynaud's phenomenon, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sneddon syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental Wegener's granulomatosis
Miscellaneous Black foot disease, high altitude, idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Das S, Maiti A (2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.
  2. ↑ Pavlou E, Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Gregersen N, Haas D, Gkampeta A, Athanassiadou-Piperopoulou F (2013). "An infant with ethylmalonic encephalopathy masquerading as a hematologic disorder". J Child Neurol. 28 (5): 668–71. doi:10.1177/0883073812449070. PMID 22805253.
  3. ↑ Gayraud M (2007). "Raynaud's phenomenon". Joint Bone Spine. 74 (1): e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.07.002. PMID 17218139.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Stewart JM, Gewitz MH, Weldon A, Arlievsky N, Li K, Munoz J (1999). "Orthostatic intolerance in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome". Pediatrics. 103 (1): 116–21. PMID 9917448.
  5. ↑ Abdel-Salam GM, Zaki MS, Lebon P, Meguid NA (2004). "Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: clinical and neuroradiological findings of 10 new cases". Acta Paediatr. 93 (7): 929–36. PMID 15303808.
  6. ↑ Ozaras R, Yemisen M, Mete B, Mert A, Ozturk R, Tabak F (2007). "Acrocyanosis developed with amphotericin B deoxycholate but not with amphotericin B lipid complex". Mycoses. 50 (3): 242. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01360.x. PMID 17472626.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Mitchell JE, Crow S (2006). "Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa". Curr Opin Psychiatry. 19 (4): 438–43. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000228768.79097.3e. PMID 16721178.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Strumia R (2005). "Dermatologic signs in patients with eating disorders". Am J Clin Dermatol. 6 (3): 165–73. PMID 15943493.
  9. ↑ Salluh JI, Soares M, De Meis E (2009). "Antiphospholipid antibodies and multiple organ failure in critically ill cancer patients". Clinics (Sao Paulo). 64 (2): 79–82. PMC 2666481. PMID 19219311.
  10. ↑ Diallo M, Niang SO, Kane A, Dieng MT, Ndiaye B (2007). "[Antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome in dermatology in Dakar: 11 case report]". Dakar Med. 52 (1): 41–5. PMID 19102091.
  11. ↑ Hall AH (2002). "Chronic arsenic poisoning". Toxicol Lett. 128 (1–3): 69–72. PMID 11869818.
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  14. ↑ Hoegl L, Thoma-Greber E, Poppinger J, Röcken M (1999). "Butyl nitrite-induced acrocyanosis in an HIV-infected patient". Arch Dermatol. 135 (1): 90–1. PMID 9923790.
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  16. ↑ Hirono H, Kubota T, Funakoshi K, Watanabe T, Hasegawa K, Soga K; et al. (2011). "[A case of superior mesenteric artery occlusion associated with idiopathic chronic cold agglutinin disease]". Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 108 (5): 791–8. PMID 21558747.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lauritano D, Bussolati A, Baldoni M, Leonida A (2011). "Scleroderma and CREST syndrome: a case report in dentistry". Minerva Stomatol. 60 (9): 443–65. PMID 21956352.
  18. ↑ Iguchi S, Toba K, Fuse I, Wada Y, Maruyama S, Takahashi M; et al. (1996). "Severe cryoglobulinemia in a patient with asymptomatic hepatitis C virus infection". Intern Med. 35 (9): 712–6. PMID 8915697.
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  24. ↑ Fleming C, Rennie A, Fallowfield M, McHenry PM (1997). "Cutaneous manifestations of fucosidosis". Br J Dermatol. 136 (4): 594–7. PMID 9155966.
  25. ↑ Holstein A, Bätge R, Egberts EH (2010). "Gemcitabine induced digital ischaemia and necrosis". Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 19 (3): 408–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2008.01057.x. PMID 19490003.
  26. ↑ Solak Y, Aksoy S, Kilickap S, Celik I (2006). "Acrocyanosis as a presenting symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma". Am J Hematol. 81 (2): 151–2. doi:10.1002/ajh.20479. PMID 16432859.
  27. ↑ Nousari HC, Kimyai-Asadi A, Anhalt GJ (2001). "Chronic idiopathic acrocyanosis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 45 (6 Suppl): S207–8. PMID 11712060.
  28. ↑ Anderson RP, Morris BA (1988). "Acrocyanosis due to imipramine". Arch Dis Child. 63 (2): 204–5. PMC 1778745. PMID 3348672.
  29. ↑ Campo-Voegeli A, Estrach T, Marti RM, Corominas N, Tuset M, Mascaró JM (1998). "Acrocyanosis induced by interferon alpha(2a)". Dermatology. 196 (3): 361–3. PMID 9621152.
  30. ↑ Jiminez MA, Polena S, Coplan NL, Patel K, Gintautas J (2007). "Methemoglobinemia and transesophageal echo". Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 50: 134–5. PMID 18605250.
  31. ↑ Bodemer C, Rötig A, Rustin P, Cormier V, Niaudet P, Saudubray JM; et al. (1999). "Hair and skin disorders as signs of mitochondrial disease". Pediatrics. 103 (2): 428–33. PMID 9925836.
  32. ↑ Legrain S, Raguin G, Piette JC (1999). "Digital necrosis revealing ovarian cancer". Dermatology. 199 (2): 183–4. doi:18235 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 10559594.
  33. ↑ Jorquera-Barquero E, Súarez-Marrero MC, Fernández Girón F, Borrero Martín JJ (2013). "Oxalosis and livedo reticularis". Actas Dermosifiliogr. 104 (9): 815–8. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019. PMID 23103120.
  34. ↑ Blackmon JA, Jeffy BG, Malone JC, Knable AL (2011). "Oxalosis involving the skin: case report and literature review". Arch Dermatol. 147 (11): 1302–5. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2011.182. PMID 21768445.
  35. ↑ Penouil MH, Estève E, Millotte B, Bressieux JM (1997). "[Parvovirus B19 atypical acrosyndrome]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 124 (3): 254–6. PMID 9686060.
  36. ↑ Kermani TA, Pislaru SV, Osborn TG (2009). "Acrocyanosis from phenazopyridine-induced sulfhemoglobinemia mistaken for Raynaud phenomenon". J Clin Rheumatol. 15 (3): 127–9. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31819db6db. PMID 19300288.
  37. ↑ Miest RY, Comfere NI, Dispenzieri A, Lohse CM, el-Azhary RA (2013). "Cutaneous manifestations in patients with POEMS syndrome". Int J Dermatol. 52 (11): 1349–56. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05648.x. PMID 23557151.
  38. ↑ Stewart JM, Weldon A (2000). "Vascular perturbations in the chronic orthostatic intolerance of the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome". J Appl Physiol (1985). 89 (4): 1505–12. PMID 11007589.
  39. ↑ Semel JD (1984). "Cutaneous findings in a case of psittacosis". Arch Dermatol. 120 (9): 1227–9. PMID 6476861.
  40. ↑ Das S, Roy AK, Maiti A (2010). "Remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis - a rare entity". Indian J Dermatol. 55 (1): 95–6. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.60362. PMC 2856383. PMID 20418987.
  41. ↑ Lotz BP, Schutte CM, Colin PF, Biermann LD (1993). "Sneddon's syndrome with anticardiolipin antibodies--complications and treatment". S Afr Med J. 83 (9): 663–4. PMID 8310361.
  42. ↑ Richter JG, Sander O, Schneider M, Klein-Weigel P (2010). "Diagnostic algorithm for Raynaud's phenomenon and vascular skin lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus". Lupus. 19 (9): 1087–95. doi:10.1177/0961203310374304. PMID 20693202.
  43. ↑ Feito Rodríguez M, García Macarrón J, Martín Díaz MA, Rubio Flores C, Vidaurrázaga Díaz-Arcaya C (2006). "[Acrocyanosis as a form of presentation of progressive systemic sclerosis]". An Med Interna. 23 (10): 490–2. PMID 17134313.
  44. ↑ Cornejo R, Gatica H, Segovia E, Cortés C (2002). "[Intestinal necrosis as clinical presentation of Takayasu arteritis]". Rev Med Chil. 130 (10): 1159–64. PMID 12491834.
  45. ↑ Karakaya I, Aydoğan M, Coşkun A, Gökalp AS (2003). "Acrocyanosis as a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants: a case report". Turk J Pediatr. 45 (2): 155–7. PMID 12921305.

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