Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

The risk factors for the Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) include prolonged sunlight exposure, UV radiation, smoking, drugs etc.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

Common risk factors inlcude:^[1]

UV light exposure^[2]
- UV light damages DNA, initiating a series of changes can result in malignant transformation
Having skin that burns easily and does not tan or tans poorly
Light-colored hair
Older age
Smoking

Less Common Risk factors

Northern European ancestry
Exposure to PUVA phototherapy
Immunosuppressive treatment^[3]
Exposure to ionizing radiation and other industrial carcinogens^[4]
Chronic inflammation^[5]
Rare inherited disorders
Arsenic exposure
Genetic alterations^[9]
Family history^[10]
Drugs
- BRAF inhibitors
- Voriconazole^[11]
- Other photosensitizing drugs like ibuprofen and isotretinoin^[12]

Skin

Significant sun exposure
Benign lesions like Chalazion
Chronic ulcers.

Tongue and Esophagus

Nasopharynx

Persons who have SCC of this region seldom have any risk factors. It most of the times caused by EBV infection.

Lungs

Therapeutic radiation (PUVA for psoriasis)
Tobacco smoking

Penis

Pre-malignant lesions (Bowen's disease, Condyloma , Warts)
Smoking and tobacco chewing

References

↑ de Vries E, Trakatelli M, Kalabalikis D, Ferrandiz L, Ruiz-de-Casas A, Moreno-Ramirez D; et al. (2012). "Known and potential new risk factors for skin cancer in European populations: a multicentre case-control study". Br J Dermatol. 167 Suppl 2: 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11081.x. PMID 22881582.
↑ de Gruijl FR, van Kranen HJ, Mullenders LH (2001). "UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer". J Photochem Photobiol B. 63 (1–3): 19–27. PMID 11684448.
↑ Jensen P, Hansen S, Møller B, Leivestad T, Pfeffer P, Geiran O; et al. (1999). "Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens". J Am Acad Dermatol. 40 (2 Pt 1): 177–86. PMID 10025742.
↑ Yoshinaga S, Hauptmann M, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Freedman DM, Alexander BH; et al. (2005). "Nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ionizing radiation exposure among U.S. radiologic technologists". Int J Cancer. 115 (5): 828–34. doi:10.1002/ijc.20939. PMID 15704092.
↑ Jellouli-Elloumi A, Kochbati L, Dhraief S, Ben Romdhane K, Maalej M (2003). "[Cancers arising from burn scars: 62 cases]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 130 (4): 413–6. PMID 12843850.
↑ Cleaver JE, Thompson LH, Richardson AS, States JC (1999). "A summary of mutations in the UV-sensitive disorders: xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy". Hum Mutat. 14 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)14:1<9::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 10447254.
↑ Fine JD, Johnson LB, Weiner M, Li KP, Suchindran C (2009). "Epidermolysis bullosa and the risk of life-threatening cancers: the National EB Registry experience, 1986-2006". J Am Acad Dermatol. 60 (2): 203–11. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.035. PMID 19026465.
↑ Kromberg JG, Castle D, Zwane EM, Jenkins T (1989). "Albinism and skin cancer in Southern Africa". Clin Genet. 36 (1): 43–52. PMID 2766562.
↑ Tsai KY, Tsao H (2004). "The genetics of skin cancer". Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 131C (1): 82–92. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30037. PMID 15468170.
↑ Kharazmi E, Fallah M, Sundquist K, Hemminki K (2012). "Familial risk of early and late onset cancer: nationwide prospective cohort study". BMJ. 345: e8076. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8076. PMC 3527651. PMID 23257063.
↑ Cowen EW, Nguyen JC, Miller DD, McShane D, Arron ST, Prose NS; et al. (2010). "Chronic phototoxicity and aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in children and adults during treatment with voriconazole". J Am Acad Dermatol. 62 (1): 31–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.033. PMC 2815347. PMID 19896749.
↑ Robinson SN, Zens MS, Perry AE, Spencer SK, Duell EJ, Karagas MR (2013). "Photosensitizing agents and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: a population-based case-control study". J Invest Dermatol. 133 (8): 1950–5. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.33. PMC 3655101. PMID 23344461.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid22881582-1] Vries E, Trakatelli M, Kalabalikis D, Ferrandiz L, Ruiz-de-Casas A, Moreno-Ramirez D; et al. (2012). "Known and potential new risk factors for skin cancer in European populations: a multicentre case-control study". Br J Dermatol. 167 Suppl 2: 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11081.x. PMID 22881582.

[pmid11684448-2] Gruijl FR, van Kranen HJ, Mullenders LH (2001). "UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer". J Photochem Photobiol B. 63 (1–3): 19–27. PMID 11684448.

[pmid10025742-3] Jensen P, Hansen S, Møller B, Leivestad T, Pfeffer P, Geiran O; et al. (1999). "Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens". J Am Acad Dermatol. 40 (2 Pt 1): 177–86. PMID 10025742.

[pmid15704092-4] Yoshinaga S, Hauptmann M, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Freedman DM, Alexander BH; et al. (2005). "Nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ionizing radiation exposure among U.S. radiologic technologists". Int J Cancer. 115 (5): 828–34. doi:10.1002/ijc.20939. PMID 15704092.

[pmid12843850-5] Jellouli-Elloumi A, Kochbati L, Dhraief S, Ben Romdhane K, Maalej M (2003). "[Cancers arising from burn scars: 62 cases]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 130 (4): 413–6. PMID 12843850.

[pmid10447254-6] Cleaver JE, Thompson LH, Richardson AS, States JC (1999). "A summary of mutations in the UV-sensitive disorders: xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy". Hum Mutat. 14 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)14:1<9::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 10447254.

[pmid19026465-7] Fine JD, Johnson LB, Weiner M, Li KP, Suchindran C (2009). "Epidermolysis bullosa and the risk of life-threatening cancers: the National EB Registry experience, 1986-2006". J Am Acad Dermatol. 60 (2): 203–11. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.035. PMID 19026465.

[pmid2766562-8] Kromberg JG, Castle D, Zwane EM, Jenkins T (1989). "Albinism and skin cancer in Southern Africa". Clin Genet. 36 (1): 43–52. PMID 2766562.

[pmid15468170-9] Tsai KY, Tsao H (2004). "The genetics of skin cancer". Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 131C (1): 82–92. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30037. PMID 15468170.

[pmid23257063-10] Kharazmi E, Fallah M, Sundquist K, Hemminki K (2012). "Familial risk of early and late onset cancer: nationwide prospective cohort study". BMJ. 345: e8076. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8076. PMC 3527651. PMID 23257063.

[pmid19896749-11] Cowen EW, Nguyen JC, Miller DD, McShane D, Arron ST, Prose NS; et al. (2010). "Chronic phototoxicity and aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in children and adults during treatment with voriconazole". J Am Acad Dermatol. 62 (1): 31–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.033. PMC 2815347. PMID 19896749.

[pmid23344461-12] Robinson SN, Zens MS, Perry AE, Spencer SK, Duell EJ, Karagas MR (2013). "Photosensitizing agents and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: a population-based case-control study". J Invest Dermatol. 133 (8): 1950–5. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.33. PMC 3655101. PMID 23344461.

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