Smoking cessation

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2],Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3],Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[4]

To review the wikidoc chapter on smoking, click here.

Overview

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States. Each year, nearly half a million Americans die prematurely of smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke and 16 million live with a serious illness caused by smoking. Smoking can cause repairable damage to various organs including the heart, lungs, kidneys, stomach and intestines. Smoking is associated with the causation of various cancers in the humans. Quitting smoking cuts cardiovascular risks, reduces risk for stroke to about half that of a nonsmoker’s, reduces risks for cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and bladder by half within 5 years and ten years after quitting smoking, the risk for lung cancer drops by half. Smoking cessation can be achieved by some general, non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies.

Clinical practice guidelines

Clinical practice guidelines by the USPSTF recommend:

• "Adults who are not pregnant: The USPSTF recommends that clinicians ask all adults about tobacco use, advise them to stop using tobacco, and provide behavioral interventions and U.S. Food and Drug Administration – approved pharmacotherapy for cessation to adults who use tobacco. GRADE A"
• "Pregnant women: The USPSTF recommends that clinicians ask all pregnant woment about tobacco use, advise them to stop using tobacco, and provide behavioral interventions for cessation to pregnant women who use tobacco. GRADE A"
• "Pregnant women: The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient ot assess the balance of benefits and harms of pharmacotherpay interventions for tobacco cessation in pregnant women. GRADE I"
• "All adults, including pregnant women: The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to recommend electronic nicotine delivery systems for tobacco cessation in adults, incuding pregnant women. The USPSTF recommends that clinicians direct patients who smoke tobacco to other cessation interventions with established effectiveness and safety. GRADE I"

Smoking and Health

The impact of smoking on the health can be summarized as follows:

Effect of Smoking Cessation on various Risks

• Quitting smoking cuts cardiovascular risks. Just 1 year after quitting smoking, your risk for a heart attack drops sharply.
• Within 2 to 5 years after quitting smoking, your risk for stroke may reduce to about that of a nonsmoker’s.
• If you quit smoking, your risks for cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and bladder drop by half within 5 years.
• Ten years after you quit smoking, your risk for lung cancer drops by half.

Smoking cessation

General Principles

The 5As are an evidence-based framework for structuring smoking cessation in health care settings. The 5As include: Ask, Assess, Advise, Assist and Arrange follow-up.

The 5As Technique Ask Identify and document tobacco use status for every patient at every visit Advise In a clear, strong, and personalized manner, urge every tobacco user to quit. Advices should be: Clear: I think it is important for you to quit smoking now and I can help you. Cutting down while you are ill is not enough. Strong: As your clinician, I need you to know that quitting smoking is the most important thing you can do to protect your health now and in the future. The clinic staff and I will help you. Personalized: Tie tobacco use to current health, and its social and economic costs, motivation level to quit, and the impact of tobacco use on children and others in the household. Assess Assess willingness to make a quit attempt. Is the tobacco user willing to make a quit attempt within the next 30 days? Assist For the patient willing to make a quit attempt, offer medication and provide or refer for counseling or additional treatment to help the patient quit. For patients unwilling to quit at the time, provide interventions designed to increase future quit attempts. Arrange follow-up For the patient willing to make a quit attempt, arrange for followup contacts, beginning within the first week after the quit date. For patients unwilling to make a quit attempt at the time, address tobacco dependence and willingness to quit at next clinic visit.

Pharmacological

First-line pharmacotherapy includes the multiple forms of nicotine replacement therapy (patch, nasal spray, losenge, gum, inhaler), sustained- release bupropion hydrochloride, and varenicline. Second line therapy includes clonidine and nortriptyline and have been found to be efficacious.
The following is a description of the various treatment modalities available:

• Sustained release bupropion hydrochloride:
  • Dose: 150 mg every morning for 3 days, then 150 mg twice daily.
  • Duration: The duration of treatment is 7–12 weeks followed by a maintenance therapy up to 6 months.
  • Adverse effects: Insomnia and dry mouth.
  • Treatment must be initiated 1-2 weeks prior to the quit date.
  • Number needed to treat: 22

• Nicotine gum:
  • Dose: 1–24 cigarettes/day: 2mg gum (up to 24 pieces/day). ≥ 25 cigarettes/day: 4 mg gum (up to 24 pieces/day).
  • Duration: Up to 12 weeks
  • Adverse effects: Mouth soreness and dyspepsia
• Nicotine inhaler:
  • Dose: 6–16 cartridges/day
  • Duration: Up to 6 months
  • Adverse effects: Local irritation of mouth and throat
• Nicotine lozenges:
  • Dose: Time to 1st cigarette > 30 min: 2 mg lozenge. Time to 1st cigarette ≤ 30 min: 4 mg lozenge. 4–20 lozenges/day can be used based on the need.
  • Duration: Up to 12 weeks
  • Adverse effects: Nausea and heartburn
• Nicotine nasal spray:
  • Dose: 8–40 doses/day
  • Duration: 3–6 months
  • Adverse effects: Nasal irritation
• Varenicline:
  • Dose: 0.5 mg/day for 3 days followed by 0.5 mg twice/day for 4 days. Then, 1 mg twice/day
  • Duration: 3–6 months
  • Adverse effects: Nausea, trouble sleeping, vivid/strange dreams and depressed mood
  • Number needed to treat: 11

Cost-effectiveness

The cost per year of life save from smoking cessation is less than the costs per year of life saved from screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography.

See also

• Nicotine Anonymous
• Health promotion
• NicVAX
• Nicotine replacement therapy
• Tobacco cessation clinic
• Tobacco and health

References

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