Hypocalcemia risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
The most common risk factor of hypocalcemia is vitamin D deficiency. Other common causes of hypocalcemia include low intake of magnesium, newborn babies, parathyroid hormone (PTH), hyperphosphatemia and chronic kidney disease.
Risk Factors
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of hypocalcemia may be environmental or genetic.[1]
- Common risk factors in the development of hypocalcemia include:[2][3]
- Vitamin D deficiency
- PTH deficiency
- Hypomagnesemia
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Newborn babies:Especially true with diabetic mothers
Less Common Risk Factors
- Less common risk factors in the development of hypocalcemia include:[4][5][6][7]
- Surgical removal of parathyroid glands
- Medication side effects
- Anion chelation
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Hepatic disease
- Acute pancreatitis
- Enhanced protein binding
- Critical illness
- Severe sepsis
- History of gastrointestinal disorders
- Anxiety disorders
- Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)
- Osteoblastic metastases
References
- ↑ Carroll R, Matfin G (February 2010). "Endocrine and metabolic emergencies: hypocalcaemia". Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 1 (1): 29–33. doi:10.1177/2042018810366494. PMC 3474611. PMID 23148147.
- ↑ Riccardi D, Brown EM (March 2010). "Physiology and pathophysiology of the calcium-sensing receptor in the kidney". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 298 (3): F485–99. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2009. PMC 2838589. PMID 19923405.
- ↑ Lee S, Mannstadt M, Guo J, Kim SM, Yi HS, Khatri A, Dean T, Okazaki M, Gardella TJ, Jüppner H (October 2015). "A Homozygous [Cys25]PTH(1-84) Mutation That Impairs PTH/PTHrP Receptor Activation Defines a Novel Form of Hypoparathyroidism". J. Bone Miner. Res. 30 (10): 1803–13. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2532. PMC 4580526. PMID 25891861.
- ↑ Dickerson RN, Alexander KH, Minard G, Croce MA, Brown RO (2004). "Accuracy of methods to estimate ionized and "corrected" serum calcium concentrations in critically ill multiple trauma patients receiving specialized nutrition support". JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 28 (3): 133–41. doi:10.1177/0148607104028003133. PMID 15141404.
- ↑ Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, Younes A, Cairo MS (June 2008). "Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review". J. Clin. Oncol. 26 (16): 2767–78. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.0177. PMID 18509186.
- ↑ Murray RM, Grill V, Crinis N, Ho PW, Davison J, Pitt P (September 2001). "Hypocalcemic and normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism in patients with advanced prostatic cancer". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (9): 4133–8. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7864. PMID 11549639.
- ↑ Smallridge RC, Wray HL, Schaaf M (July 1981). "Hypocalcemia with osteoblastic metastases in patient with prostate carcinoma. A cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism". Am. J. Med. 71 (1): 184–8. PMID 7246580.