Exophthalmos causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

Common Causes

• Acute intracranial hypertension
• Arteriorvenous malformation
• Carotid-cavernous fistula
• Cushing's syndrome
• Endophthalmitis
• Graves disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Orbital cellulitis
• Orbital fracture
• Orbital hemorrhage
• Orbital mass
• Sinusitis
• Trauma to the orbit

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Aneurysm, Aortic insufficiency, Arteriorvenous malformation, Blood vessel malformations, Capillary hemangioma, Carotid sinus fistula, Carotid-cavernous fistula, Cavernous hemangioma, Cavernous sinus thrombosis, Cavernous sinus tumor, Cerebral venous thrombosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome , Hemangioma, Hemangiomas, High-output heart failure, Infantile hemangiomas, Lymphangioma, Microscopic polyangiitis, Noonan syndrome, Orbital aneurysm, Orbital varices, Polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener granulomatosis
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	Odontogenic infections
Dermatologic	Angiocentric lymphoma, Capillary hemangioma, Cavernous hemangioma, Cutaneous anthrax, Dermoid cyst, Dermolipoma, Epithelial cyst, Hemangioma, Hemangiomas, Incontinentia pigmenti, Infantile hemangiomas, Lowry-MacLean syndrome, McCune-Albright syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Orbital dermoid cyst, Sturge-Weber syndrome, Subcutaneous emphysema, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn, von Recklinghausen's disease
Drug Side Effect	Conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene, Dexamethasone, Glucocorticoids, Methylprednisolone, Sertraline
Ear Nose Throat	Acute bacterial sinusitis, Chronic rhinosinusitis, Fungal rhinosinusitis, Mucocele, Mucormycosis, Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Olfactory neuroblastoma, Paranasal sinus cancer, Preseptal cellulitis, Respiratory tract infection, Sinusitis
Endocrine	Basedow syndrome, Cushing's disease, Cushing's syndrome, Defects of the insulin receptor substrate, Diabetes mellitus, Graves disease, Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid storm during pregnancy, Thyroid-associated orbitopathy
Environmental	High altitude cerebral edema
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	Apert syndrome, Bohring-Opitz syndrome, Chromosome 10p deletion syndrome, Chromosome 15 inverted duplication, Cole-Carpenter syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Defects of the insulin receptor substrate, Duane syndrome, Fibrous dysplasia of bone, Incontinentia pigmenti, Kenny-Caffey syndrome, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, McCune-Albright syndrome, Microcephaly, corpus callosum dysgenesis and cleft lip-palate, Neu-Laxova syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Noonan syndrome, Orbital extension of retinoblastoma, Progeria, Raine syndrome, Retinoblastoma, Scheie syndrome, Schinzel-Giedion syndrome, Seckel syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, von Recklinghausen's disease
Hematologic	Acute leukemia, Angiocentric lymphoma, Cavernous sinus thrombosis, Cerebral venous thrombosis, Erdheim-Chester disease, Eye blood clot, Hand–Schüller–Christian disease, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Leukemia, Malignant lymphoma, Septic dural sinus thrombosis
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Acute bacterial sinusitis, Aspergillosis, Chronic rhinosinusitis, Cutaneous anthrax, Dacryoadenitis, Endophthalmitis, Eye infection, Fungal rhinosinusitis, Mucormycosis, Odontogenic infections, Orbital abscess, Orbital cellulitis, Posterior scleritis, Preseptal cellulitis, Respiratory tract infection, Septic dural sinus thrombosis, Sinusitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Apert syndrome, Bohring-Opitz syndrome, Cloverleaf skull syndrome, Craniostenosis, Craniosynostosis syndromes, Crouzon syndrome, Encephalocele, Erdheim-Chester disease, Fibrous dysplasia of bone, Hand–Schüller–Christian disease, McCune-Albright syndrome, Meningioma of sphenoid wing, Metastatic embryonal sarcoma, Microcephaly, corpus callosum dysgenesis and cleft lip-palate, Myelomeningocele, Noonan syndrome, Orbital fracture, Osteodysplasty, Osteoma, Pfeiffer syndrome, Raine syndrome, Relapsing polychondritis, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Schinzel-Giedion syndrome, Seckel syndrome, Undifferentiated sarcoma
Neurologic	Abducens nerve palsy, Acute intracranial hypertension, Cavernous sinus thrombosis, Cavernous sinus tumor, Central nervous system tumor, Cloverleaf skull syndrome, Craniostenosis, Craniosynostosis syndromes, Cushing's disease, Duane syndrome, Encephalocele, High altitude cerebral edema, Incontinentia pigmenti, Meningioma of sphenoid wing, Metastatic neuroblastoma, Microcephaly, corpus callosum dysgenesis and cleft lip-palate, Myelomeningocele, Neuroblastoma, Neurofibromatosis, Oculomotor nerve palsy, Olfactory neuroblastoma, Optic pathway glioma, Orbital plexiform neurofibroma, Periorbital plexiform neurofibroma, Peripheral nerve tumor, Schinzel-Giedion syndrome, Seckel syndrome, Septic dural sinus thrombosis, Shaken baby syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, Trochlear nerve palsy, von Recklinghausen's disease
Nutritional/Metabolic	Hypervitaminosis A
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Thyroid storm during pregnancy
Oncologic	Acute leukemia, Angiocentric lymphoma, Cavernous sinus tumor, Central nervous system tumor, Congenital malignant teratoid neoplasm, Cushing's syndrome, Eye tumor, Lacrimal gland tumor, Leukemia, Lymphangioma, Malignant lymphoma, Metastatic embryonal sarcoma, Metastatic neuroblastoma, Neuroblastoma, Ocular tumor, Olfactory neuroblastoma, Optic pathway glioma, Orbital cancer, Orbital extension of retinoblastoma, Orbital neoplasm, Orbital plexiform neurofibroma, Orbital tumor, Osteodysplasty, Osteoma, Paranasal sinus cancer, Periorbital plexiform neurofibroma, Peripheral nerve tumor, Raine syndrome, Retinoblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Undifferentiated sarcoma
Ophthalmologic	Abducens nerve palsy, Anophthalmos, Dacryoadenitis, Duane syndrome, Endophthalmitis, Eye blood clot, Eye infection, Eye tumor, Globe retraction, Infiltrative ophthalmopathy, Juvenile glaucoma, Lacrimal gland tumor, Ocular tumor, Oculomotor nerve palsy, Optic pathway glioma, Orbital abscess, Orbital aneurysm, Orbital cancer, Orbital cellulitis, Orbital dermoid cyst, Orbital extension of retinoblastoma, Orbital fracture, Orbital hematoma, Orbital hemorrhage, Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, Orbital mass, Orbital neoplasm, Orbital plexiform neurofibroma, Orbital pseudotumor, Orbital tumor, Orbital varices, Periorbital plexiform neurofibroma, Pfeiffer syndrome, Posterior scleritis, Primary infantile glaucoma, Pseudoproptosis, Pseudotumour of orbit, Retinoblastoma, Retracted eyelid, Retrobulbar hemorrhage, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Scheie syndrome, Thyroid-associated orbitopathy, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, Trauma to the orbit, Trochlear nerve palsy
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Microscopic polyangiitis, Polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener granulomatosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Microscopic polyangiitis, Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, Polyarteritis nodosa, Relapsing polychondritis, Wegener granulomatosis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Facial trauma, Orbital fracture, Orbital hematoma, Orbital hemorrhage, Shaken baby syndrome, Trauma to the orbit
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Craniostenosis, Encephalocele, Foreign body, Globe retraction, Lowry-MacLean syndrome, Myelomeningocele, Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, Orbital mass, Orbital pseudotumor, Pfeiffer syndrome, Pseudoproptosis, Pseudotumour of orbit, Retracted eyelid, Retrobulbar hemorrhage, Scheie syndrome, Shaken baby syndrome, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Abducens nerve palsy
• Acute bacterial sinusitis
• Acute intracranial hypertension
• Acute leukemia
• Aneurysm
• Angiocentric lymphoma
• Anophthalmos
• Aortic insufficiency
• Apert syndrome
• Arteriorvenous malformation
• Aspergillosis
• Basedow syndrome
• Blood vessel malformations
• Bohring-Opitz syndrome
• Capillary hemangioma
• Carotid sinus fistula
• Carotid-cavernous fistula
• Cavernous hemangioma
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis
• Cavernous sinus tumor
• Central nervous system tumor
• Cerebral venous thrombosis
• Chromosome 10p deletion syndrome
• Chromosome 15 inverted duplication
• Chronic rhinosinusitis
• Churg-Strauss syndrome
• Cloverleaf skull syndrome
• Cole-Carpenter syndrome
• Congenital malignant teratoid neoplasm
• Craniostenosis
• Craniosynostosis syndromes
• Crouzon syndrome
• Cushing's disease
• Cushing's syndrome
• Cutaneous anthrax
• Dacryoadenitis
• Defects of the insulin receptor substrate
• Dermoid cyst
• Dermolipoma
• Dexamethasone
• Diabetes mellitus
• Duane syndrome
• Encephalocele
• Endophthalmitis
• Epithelial cyst
• Erdheim-Chester disease
• Eye blood clot
• Eye infection
• Eye tumor
• Facial trauma

• Fibrous dysplasia of bone
• Foreign body
• Fungal rhinosinusitis
• Globe retraction
• Glucocorticoids
• Graves disease
• Hand–Schüller–Christian disease
• Hemangioma
• Hemangiomas
• High altitude cerebral edema
• High-output heart failure
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypervitaminosis A
• Incontinentia pigmenti
• Infantile hemangiomas
• Infiltrative ophthalmopathy
• Juvenile glaucoma
• Kenny-Caffey syndrome
• Lacrimal gland tumor
• Langerhans cell histiocytosis
• Leukemia
• Lowry-MacLean syndrome
• Lymphangioma
• Malignant lymphoma
• McCune-Albright syndrome
• Meningioma of sphenoid wing
• Metastatic embryonal sarcoma
• Metastatic neuroblastoma
• Microcephaly, corpus callosum dysgenesis and cleft lip-palate
• Microscopic polyangiitis
• Mucocele
• Mucormycosis
• Myelomeningocele
• Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
• Neu-Laxova syndrome
• Neuroblastoma
• Neurofibromatosis
• Noonan syndrome
• Ocular tumor
• Oculomotor nerve palsy
• Odontogenic infections
• Olfactory neuroblastoma
• Optic pathway glioma
• Orbital abscess
• Orbital aneurysm
• Orbital cancer
• Orbital cellulitis
• Orbital dermoid cyst

• Orbital extension of retinoblastoma
• Orbital fracture
• Orbital hematoma
• Orbital hemorrhage
• Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor
• Orbital mass
• Orbital neoplasm
• Orbital plexiform neurofibroma
• Orbital pseudotumor
• Orbital tumor
• Orbital varices
• Osteodysplasty
• Osteoma
• Paranasal sinus cancer
• Periorbital plexiform neurofibroma
• Peripheral nerve tumor
• Pfeiffer syndrome
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Posterior scleritis
• Preseptal cellulitis
• Primary infantile glaucoma
• Progeria
• Pseudoproptosis
• Pseudotumour of orbit
• Raine syndrome
• Relapsing polychondritis
• Respiratory tract infection
• Retinoblastoma
• Retracted eyelid
• Retrobulbar hemorrhage
• Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Scheie syndrome
• Schinzel-Giedion syndrome
• Seckel syndrome
• Septic dural sinus thrombosis
• Shaken baby syndrome
• Sinusitis
• Sturge-Weber syndrome
• Subcutaneous emphysema
• Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
• Thyroid storm during pregnancy
• Thyroid-associated orbitopathy
• Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
• Trauma to the orbit
• Trochlear nerve palsy
• Undifferentiated sarcoma
• von Recklinghausen's disease
• Wegener granulomatosis