Asperger syndrome history and symptoms
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]
Overview
Several symptoms may be seen in Asperger Syndrome (AS) with impairments in social interaction, communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests being the most important. There may be impairments in motor and sensory functions, speech, language and sleep.
History and Symptoms
Some major neuropsychological abnormalities in patients with Asperger Syndrome (AS) are:[1]
- Difficulty in passing theory of mind tasks
- Executive dysfunction
- Tendency to interpret visual stimuli in parts rather than wholes (poor central coherence)
- There are studies that suggest in patients with AS there is a Verbal IQ (VIQ) > Poor Performance IQ (PIQ) profile which shows strength on verbal skills relative to visuospatial skills and non-verbal problem solving (nonverbal learning disability)[2]
Social interaction and communication
- They usually fail to build friendships due to their odd or lack of social communication skills.[3]
- They have interest in to play or interact with others and social communication but find themselves isolated.[3][4]
- They do not realize that relationships and friendships are based on common interests and flexibility.[3]
- They often make formal communications with others and make one-sided speech and monologues about a specific topic regardless of other people's interest.[5][1][4]
- They are verbal about a certain topic, but can not express feelings or recognize the feelings of others.[6]
- They do not understand social and conversational rules.[4]
- Children with AS are usually victims of bullying at school.[7]
Restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests
- Repetitive, limited and circumscribed interests[8][3]
- Extensive factual information about circumscribed topics (e.g., snakes, names of stars, dinosaurs, computers, train engine numbers)[8][9]
- These symptoms might not be recognized because some topics and interests like dinosaurs are common among children.[9]
- These interests may immerse the family and disrupt family activities.[9][8]
- Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) usually have stereotyped and repetitive motor behaviors and speech such as lining up toys, flipping objects or echolalia.[10]
- Atypical behaviors such as peculiar mannerisms, unusual attachments to objects, obsessions, compulsions, self-injurious behaviors, and stereotypes.[6]
- Stereotypes are repetitive and atypical behaviors such as hand flapping, finger movements, rocking, or twirling, finger flicking, unusual eye gazing, habitual toe walking, and/or persistent sniffing and licking of nonfood items.[6]
- The have unusual attachments for hard items; for example, ballpoint pens, flashlight, keys, action figures.[6]
Language and Speech
- Language is usually adequate or even precocious.[4] Although mild language delay has been reported in AS.[11]
- Atypical language development.[6]
- Usually there is difficulty in communicative use of language:
- Pauses may be due to difficulty in answering questions and structuring their discourse.[1]
Motor Functions and Sensory System
- Delay in acquiring motor skills such as catching a ball and opening jars.[5]
- Difficulty in fine motor skills such as writing, drawing and tying laces. [3]
- Poor coordination, bouncy gait patterns and odd posture and awkwardness.[5]
- Clumsiness[3]
- Problems with sensory impairments may affect movement performance by causing problems in motor planning.[12]
- Hyporsensitivity[3]
- Lower pain thresholds (injuries going unnoticed and becoming infected)
- Indifference to temperature (wearing a t-shirt in winter)
- Vestibular symptoms (rocking or circular movements).
- Hpersensitivity[3]
- Hearing (e.g. noisy environments, vacuum-cleaning),
- Taste (food selectivity)
- Touch (strongly reacting to the contact of certain types of clothing)
- Smell (body odour)
Play Skills
- Problems in pretend play skills with persistent sensory-motor play stage.[6]
- Preference to play with common objects (string, rocks, or sticks).[6]
- The nature of play is usually constructive (puzzles, computer games, and blocks), ritualistic (lining objects up or sorting/matching shapes or colors) or sensory-motor (mouthing, banging, twirling).[6]
Other
- Usually have relative good auditory and verbal skills.[5]
- Deficits in visual-motor and visual-perceptual skills[5]
- Deficits in conceptual learning[5]
- Alexithymia (difficulty in identifying and describing one's emotions).[13]
- Asperger Syndrome (AS) is associated with several conditions which include:
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (most common in pediatric patients) [14]
- Depression (most common in adolescent and adult patients)[14][15]
- Bipolar disorder[14][15]
- Tourette Syndrome[14]
- Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)[14][15]
- Tic disorder[14]
- Anxiety disorders[15]
- Schizophrenia[16]
- Nonverbal learning disability[17]
- Difficulty in falling asleep, sleepiness after awakening and during daytime and poor sleep quality[13]
- There have been case-reports of Asperger Syndrome (AS) associated with aminoaciduria,[18] ligamentous laxity[19] and recurrent hypersomnia[20].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Woodbury-Smith MR, Volkmar FR (2009). "Asperger syndrome". Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 18 (1): 2–11. doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0. PMID 18563474.
- ↑ Lincoln, Alan; Courchesne, Eric; Allen, Mark; Hanson, Ellen; Ene, Michaela (1998). "Neurobiology of Asperger Syndrome": 145–163. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5369-4_8.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Mirkovic B, Gérardin P (2019). "Asperger's syndrome: What to consider?". Encephale. 45 (2): 169–174. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2018.11.005. PMID 30736970.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Klin A, Pauls D, Schultz R, Volkmar F (2005). "Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: implications for research". J Autism Dev Disord. 35 (2): 221–34. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-2001-y. PMID 15909408.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Klin A (2006). "Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview". Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 28 (suppl 1): S3–S11. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002. PMID 16791390.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Johnson CP, Myers SM, American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children With Disabilities (2007). "Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1183–215. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2361. PMID 17967920.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Zablotsky B, Bradshaw CP, Anderson CM, Law P (2014). "Risk factors for bullying among children with autism spectrum disorders". Autism. 18 (4): 419–27. doi:10.1177/1362361313477920. PMID 23901152.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 South M, Ozonoff S, McMahon WM (2005). "Repetitive behavior profiles in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism". J Autism Dev Disord. 35 (2): 145–58. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1992-8. PMID 15909401.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Klin A (2006). "[Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview]". Braz J Psychiatry. 28 Suppl 1: S3–11. doi:10.1590/s1516-44462006000500002. PMID 16791390.
- ↑ Allen D, Evans C, Hider A, Hawkins S, Peckett H, Morgan H (2008). "Offending behaviour in adults with Asperger syndrome". J Autism Dev Disord. 38 (4): 748–58. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0442-9. PMID 17805955.
- ↑ de Giambattista C, Ventura P, Trerotoli P, Margari M, Palumbi R, Margari L (2019). "Subtyping the Autism Spectrum Disorder: Comparison of Children with High Functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome". J Autism Dev Disord. 49 (1): 138–150. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3689-4. PMC 6331497. PMID 30043350.
- ↑ Siaperas P, Ring HA, McAllister CJ, Henderson S, Barnett A, Watson P; et al. (2012). "Atypical movement performance and sensory integration in Asperger's syndrome". J Autism Dev Disord. 42 (5): 718–25. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1301-2. PMID 21643861.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Tani P, Lindberg N, Joukamaa M, Nieminen-von Wendt T, von Wendt L, Appelberg B; et al. (2004). "Asperger syndrome, alexithymia and perception of sleep". Neuropsychobiology. 49 (2): 64–70. doi:10.1159/000076412. PMID 14981336.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Ghaziuddin M, Weidmer-Mikhail E, Ghaziuddin N (1998). "Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome: a preliminary report". J Intellect Disabil Res. 42 ( Pt 4): 279–83. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1998.tb01647.x. PMID 9786442.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Lugnegård T, Hallerbäck MU, Gillberg C (2011). "Psychiatric comorbidity in young adults with a clinical diagnosis of Asperger syndrome". Res Dev Disabil. 32 (5): 1910–7. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.03.025. PMID 21515028.
- ↑ Marinopoulou M, Lugnegård T, Hallerbäck MU, Gillberg C, Billstedt E (2016). "Asperger Syndrome and Schizophrenia: A Comparative Neuropsychological Study". J Autism Dev Disord. 46 (7): 2292–304. doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2758-9. PMID 26936160.
- ↑ Cederlund M, Gillberg C (2004). "One hundred males with Asperger syndrome: a clinical study of background and associated factors". Dev Med Child Neurol. 46 (10): 652–60. doi:10.1017/s0012162204001100. PMID 15473168.
- ↑ Miles SW, Capelle P (1987). "Asperger's syndrome and aminoaciduria: a case example". Br J Psychiatry. 150: 397–400. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.3.397. PMID 3664113.
- ↑ Tantam D, Evered C, Hersov L (1990). "Asperger's syndrome and ligamentous laxity". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 29 (6): 892–6. doi:10.1097/00004583-199011000-00008. PMID 2273016.
- ↑ Berthier ML, Santamaria J, Encabo H, Tolosa ES (1992). "Recurrent hypersomnia in two adolescent males with Asperger's syndrome". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 31 (4): 735–8. doi:10.1097/00004583-199207000-00023. PMID 1644738.