Amaurosis fugax causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor-In-Chief: Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2]

Overview

Amaurosis fugax is a symptom of carotid artery disease. It occurs when a piece of plaque in a carotid artery breaks off and travels to the retinal artery in the eye. The carotid arteries provide the main blood supply to the brain. They are located on each side of the neck under the jaw. Plaque is a hard substance that forms when fat, cholesterol[1], and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. Pieces of plaque can block blood flow. In people with amaurosis fugax, vision loss continues as long as the blood supply to the retinal artery is blocked. Atherosclerosis of the arteries in the neck is the main risk factor for this condition. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include heart disease, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and high blood pressure[2].

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Atherosclerosis, Blood coagulation disorders, Cardiac emboli, Cardiac failure, Carotid artery stenosis, Carotid occlusive disease, Carotid bifurcation thromboembolism, Central retinal vein occlusion, Decreased blood flow (ischemia) to the retina, Fatigue, Hollenhorst plaque(cholesterol embolus, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, Hypofibrinolysis, Hypoperfusion, Hypotension, Hypovolemia, Ischemic stroke, Local emboli (ipsilateral internal carotid artery, Malignant arterial hypertension, Preexisting asymmetric occlusive vascular disease, Retinal artery thrombosis, Retinal emboli, Retinal vein occlusion, Stroke, Vasospasm
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Pramipexole
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Diabetes mellitus, Obesity
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Thrombophilia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, Migraine aura, Neurologic disorder, Papilledema, Optic neuritis, Ischemic stroke, Retinal artery occlusion (RAO), Retinal vein occlusion
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic Blindness, Chiasm compression, Glaucoma, Ocular ischemic syndrome, Optic nerve, Sudden vision changes, Optic neuritis, Papilledema, Oculomotor disturbances
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Psychogenic
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Polyuria (frequent urination)
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Inflammatory arteritis (Takayasu's arteritis)
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Blood viscosity, Drug abuse, Idiopathic, Nonvascular ophthalmic disorder, Unexplained weight loss

Causes in Alphabetical Order

  • Blood coagulation disorders
  • Blood viscosity
  • Cardiac emboli (valve, mural thrombi, intracardiac tumor)
  • Carotid occlusive disease
  • Chiasm compression
  • Decreased blood flow (ischemia) to the retina
  • Disease susceptibility
  • Distal internal carotid artery atheroembolism
  • Extracranial arterial occlusive disease[12]
  • Hypofibrinolysis
  • Ipsilateral carotid disease[8][5]
  • Irregular ulcerated lesion
  • Neurologic disorder
  • Nonvascular ophthalmic disorder
  • Sudden vision changes

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Saric M, Kronzon I (2011). "Cholesterol embolization syndrome". Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 26 (6): 472–9. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e32834b7fdd. PMID 21993354. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Tegos TJ, Kalodiki E, Daskalopoulou SS, Nicolaides AN (2000). "Stroke: epidemiology, clinical picture, and risk factors--Part I of III". Angiology. 51 (10): 793–808. PMID 11108323. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Rahim A, Kumar P, Burns J, Sampath R (2012). "Isolated ocular cutaneous involvement in antiphospholipid syndrome". Orbit. 31 (5): 367–9. doi:10.3109/01676830.2012.694554. PMID 22758382. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Rozegnał-Madej A, Bielecka E, Swiech-Zubilewicz A, Zarnowski T, Karakuła W, Zubilewicz T (2012). "[Ophthalmological complications associated with clinically significant carotid stenosis]". Klin Oczna (in Polish). 114 (1): 57–62. PMID 22783748.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Owen DR, Shalhoub J, Miller S; et al. (2010). "Inflammation within carotid atherosclerotic plaque: assessment with late-phase contrast-enhanced US". Radiology. 255 (2): 638–44. doi:10.1148/radiol.10091365. PMID 20413774. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Alba MA, Mena-Madrazo JA, Reyes E, Flores-Suárez LF (2012). "Giant cell arteritis in Mexican patients". J Clin Rheumatol. 18 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31823e2e35. PMID 22157266. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Medrano-Martínez V, Sempere AP, Mola S, Flores-Ruiz JJ, Vázquez-Suárez JC (2002). "[Amaurosis fugax as the sole manifestation of a dural arteriovenous fistula]". Rev Neurol (in Spanish; Castilian). 35 (4): 325–7. PMID 12235561.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Huwez F, Umasankar U, Casswell E, Menon J, Gadi N (2011). "Sudden loss of vision in a patient with significant ipsilateral internal carotid disease". BMJ Case Rep. 2011. doi:10.1136/bcr.08.2011.4725. PMID 22669766.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Tomaschütz L, Dos Santos M, Schill J, Palm F, Grau A (2012). "Recurrent amaurosis fugax in a patient after stanford type a dissection depending on blood pressure and haemoglobin level". Case Rep Vasc Med. 2012: 254204. doi:10.1155/2012/254204. PMC 3502825. PMID 23198268.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Glueck CJ, Hutchins RK, Jurantee J, Khan Z, Wang P (2012). "Thrombophilia and retinal vascular occlusion". Clin Ophthalmol. 6: 1377–84. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S34627. PMC 3437951. PMID 22969282.
  11. ↑ Cugati S, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Mitchell P (2006). "Ten-year incidence of retinal emboli in an older population". Stroke. 37 (3): 908–10. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000204118.87477.46. PMID 16439697. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ahuja RM, Chaturvedi S, Eliott D, Joshi N, Puklin JE, Abrams GW (1999). "Mechanisms of retinal arterial occlusive disease in African American and Caucasian patients". Stroke. 30 (8): 1506–9. PMID 10436091. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Hurwitz BJ, Heyman A, Wilkinson WE, Haynes CS, Utley CM (1985). "Comparison of amaurosis fugax and transient cerebral ischemia: a prospective clinical and arteriographic study". Ann. Neurol. 18 (6): 698–704. doi:10.1002/ana.410180612. PMID 4083852. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Paul NL, Simoni M, Rothwell PM (2013). "Transient isolated brainstem symptoms preceding posterior circulation stroke: a population-based study". Lancet Neurol. 12 (1): 65–71. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70299-5. PMC 3530272. PMID 23206553. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B (1998). "Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 125 (4): 509–20. PMID 9559737. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B (1998). "Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 125 (4): 521–6. PMID 9559738. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Khan AO (2006). "Severe psychogenic visual loss in a girl with siblings blinded from congenital glaucoma". J AAPOS. 10 (4): 373–4. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.01.216. PMID 16935241. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Nazzal MD, Agko M, Zingale K, Hamdan M, Higgins JA, Clark P (2011). "A unique presentation of Takayasu's arteritis in a 39-year-old male with chest pain, vertigo, and blindness". J. Vasc. Surg. 54 (2): 529–32. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.12.059. PMID 21397438. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Bishara SA, Estrin I, Rand WJ (1990). "Immediate contralateral amaurosis after retrobulbar anesthesia". Ann Ophthalmol. 22 (2): 63–5. PMID 2316954. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Coroi M, Bontas E, Visan R, Defranceschi M, Cioranu CD (2007). "Ocular migraine and antiphospholipid antibodies--where we stand?". Oftalmologia. 51 (3): 8–15. PMID 18064948.
  21. ↑ Roşca T (2008). "[Methods of prevention of ischemic cerebral damages in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies]". Oftalmologia (in Romanian). 52 (2): 72–6. PMID 19065918.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Awad AM, Estephan B, Warnack W, Stüve O (2009). "Optic neuritis presenting with amaurosis fugax". J. Neurol. 256 (12): 2100–3. doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5302-4. PMID 19727900. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ Lord RS (1990). "Transient monocular blindness". Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 18 (3): 299–305. PMID 2261177. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Mead GE, Lewis SC, Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS (2002). "Comparison of risk factors in patients with transient and prolonged eye and brain ischemic syndromes". Stroke. 33 (10): 2383–90. PMID 12364725. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Wang JJ, Cugati S, Knudtson MD; et al. (2006). "Retinal arteriolar emboli and long-term mortality: pooled data analysis from two older populations". Stroke. 37 (7): 1833–6. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000226929.23297.75. PMID 16741179. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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