Systemic lupus erythematosus CT: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Systemic lupus erythematosus}}
{{Systemic lupus erythematosus}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MIR}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
On abdominal CT-scan, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be characterized by hepato-splenomegaly, pancreatic parenchymal enlargement, and ascites. On cardiac CT-scan, SLE may be characterized by enhancement of the thickened [[pericardium]]. On brain CT-scan, SLE may be characterized by brain atrophy, stroke patterns like cortical hypodensity, and increased attenuation of the cortex.
On abdominal [[CT-scans|CT-scan]], systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be characterized by [[hepatosplenomegaly]], [[pancreatic]] parenchymal enlargement, and [[ascites]]. On cardiac [[CT-scans|CT-scan]], SLE may be characterized by enhancement of the thickened [[pericardium]]. On brain [[Computed tomography|CT-scan,]] SLE may be characterized by [[brain atrophy]], stroke patterns like [[Cortical area|cortical]] hypodensity, and increased [[attenuation]] of the [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]].


== Key CT Findings in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ==
== Key CT Findings in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ==
On CT-scan, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be characterized by the following features, based on the organ system involvement:
On [[CT-scans|CT-scan]], systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be characterized by the following features, based on the organ system involvement:<ref name="pmid23812167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Appenzeller S |title=Magnetic resonance imaging in systemic lupus erythematosus: where do we stand? |journal=Cogn Behav Neurol |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=53–4 |year=2013 |pmid=23812167 |doi=10.1097/WNN.0b013e31829d5b60 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26309728">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thurman JM, Serkova NJ |title=Non-invasive imaging to monitor lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=F1000Res |volume=4 |issue= |pages=153 |year=2015 |pmid=26309728 |pmc=4536614 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.6587.2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26038342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin K, Lloyd-Jones DM, Li D, Liu Y, Yang J, Markl M, Carr JC |title=Imaging of cardiovascular complications in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Lupus |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1126–34 |year=2015 |pmid=26038342 |pmc=4567427 |doi=10.1177/0961203315588577 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26236469">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarbu N, Bargalló N, Cervera R |title=Advanced and Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Lupus |journal=F1000Res |volume=4 |issue= |pages=162 |year=2015 |pmid=26236469 |pmc=4505788 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.6522.2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24696368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin H, Guo Q, Shen N, Huang X, Wu H, Zhang M, Bao C, Chen S |title=Chest imaging manifestations in lupus nephritis |journal=Clin. Rheumatol. |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=817–23 |year=2014 |pmid=24696368 |doi=10.1007/s10067-014-2586-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22901453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goh YP, Naidoo P, Ngian GS |title=Imaging of systemic lupus erythematosus. Part II: gastrointestinal, renal, and musculoskeletal manifestations |journal=Clin Radiol |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=192–202 |year=2013 |pmid=22901453 |doi=10.1016/j.crad.2012.06.109 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23943987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gal Y, Twig G, Mozes O, Greenberg G, Hoffmann C, Shoenfeld Y |title=Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: an imaging challenge |journal=Isr. Med. Assoc. J. |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=382–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23943987 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1448334">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shirato M, Hisa N, Fujikura Y, Ohkuma K, Kutsuki S, Hiramatsu K |title=[Imaging diagnosis of lupus enteritis--especially about sonographic findings] |language=Japanese |journal=Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi |volume=52 |issue=10 |pages=1394–9 |year=1992 |pmid=1448334 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25275093">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adachi JD, Lau A |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus, osteoporosis, and fractures |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=1913–5 |year=2014 |pmid=25275093 |doi=10.3899/jrheum.140919 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21718325">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curiel R, Akin EA, Beaulieu G, DePalma L, Hashefi M |title=PET/CT imaging in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1228 |issue= |pages=71–80 |year=2011 |pmid=21718325 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06076.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22901452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goh YP, Naidoo P, Ngian GS |title=Imaging of systemic lupus erythematosus. Part I: CNS, cardiovascular, and thoracic manifestations |journal=Clin Radiol |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=181–91 |year=2013 |pmid=22901452 |doi=10.1016/j.crad.2012.06.110 |url=}}</ref>


=== More common complications ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Organ
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Organ
!Disease
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Disease
!CT
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |CT
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Preview
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" |Gastrointestinal system
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " align="center" |<small><small>[[Gastrointestinal]]</small></small>
|[[Intestinal pseudo-obstruction]]
![[Hepatitis]]
|
* Nonspecific, ranging from normal to [[hepatomegaly]] and [[cirrhosis]]
* May present hepatic [[granulomas]]
** Discrete, sharply defined [[nodular lesions]] within the [[liver]]
|
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (13).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
|-
![[Mesenteric vascular occlusion|Mesenteric vasculitis]]
|
* [[Ascites]]
** Fluid in the [[abdomen]] 
* Dilated bowel
* Mural thickening
* Abnormal wall enhancement
* [[Mesentery|Mesentric]] vessel engorgement
* Comb sign:
** Hypervascular appearance of the [[mesentery]] 
** Linear densities on the [[mesenteric]] side of the affected segments of [[small bowel]], which lead to the appearance of the teeth of a comb 
|
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (15).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " align="center" |<small><small>[[Kidney]]</small></small>
![[Nephritis]]
|
* Heterogeneous enlarged kidneys
* Mostly illustrate the rim of normal density tissue
* Wedge shaped areas of low density
|
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (16).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background: #DCDCDC; " align="center" |<small><small>[[Pulmonary]]</small></small>
![[Pleural effusion]]
|
* May be associated with [[Pleural Fibrosis|thickening of the pleura]]
* Fluid density
|
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (17).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
|-
![[Pulmonary hypertension]]
|
* ECG-gated CT [[pulmonary angiography]]
** [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]]: defined as wall thickness of >4 mm
** Straightening or bowing (towards the [[left ventricle]]) of the [[interventricular septum]]
** [[Right ventricle|Right ventricular]] dilatation (a [[right ventricle]] to [[left ventricle]] diameter ratio of more than 1:1 at the midventricular level on axial images)
** Decreased [[right ventricular]] [[ejection fraction]]
** Ancillary features
*** Dilatation of the [[inferior vena cava]] and [[hepatic veins]]
*** [[Pericardial effusion]]
* Enlarged [[pulmonary trunk]] (measured at [[Pulmonary artery|pulmonary artery bifurcation]] on an axial slice vertical to its long axis)
* Enlarged [[pulmonary arteries]]
* Mural calcification in central [[pulmonary arteries]]
* Centrilobular ground-glass [[nodules]]
* [[Neovascularization]]
** Tiny serpiginous intrapulmonary vessels that often emerge from centrilobular [[arterioles]] but do not conform to usual [[Pulmonary artery|pulmonary arterial anatomy]]
|
[[File:Pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-7.jpg|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
|-
![[Pneumonitis]]
|
* Unilateral or bilateral patchy and focal [[Consolidation (medicine)|consolidation]] typically in the lung bases
* May accompany [[pleural effusion]]
|
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (19).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " align="center" |<small><small>[[Neurological]]</small></small>
!Genreral
|
* [[Brain atrophy]]
* May be due to [[steroid therapy]] or age
|
|}
 
=== Less common complications ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Organ
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Disease
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |CT
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Preview
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; " align="center" |<small><small>[[Gastrointestinal]]</small></small>
![[Intestinal pseudo-obstruction]]
|
|
* Dilated bowel loops with or without the presence of fluid levels
* Dilated bowel loops with or without the presence of fluid levels
** A distinct transition point where bowel calibre changes from normal to abnormal
** A distinct transition point where bowel calibre changes from normal to abnormal
** Dilated bowel loops proximal to the transition point
** Dilated bowel loops [[proximal]] to the transition point:
*** Small bowel >3.5 cm
*** [[Small bowel]] >3.5 cm
*** Large bowel >5 cm
*** [[Large bowel]] >5 cm
** Collapsed or normal calibre bowel distal to the transitional point
** Collapsed or normal calibre [[bowel]] distal to the transitional point
** Bowel wall thickening
** Bowel wall thickening
** Obstruction:
** [[Intestinal obstruction|Obstruction]]:
*** [[Pneumoperitoneum]] indicating perforation
*** [[Pneumoperitoneum]] indicating [[perforation]]
*** [[Bowel ischaemia]]
*** [[Bowel ischaemia]]
|-
|[[Hepatitis]]
|
|
* Nonspecific, ranging from normal to hepatomegaly and cirrhosis
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (20).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
* May present hepatic granulomas
** Discrete, sharply defined nodular lesions within the liver
|-
|-
|[[Acute pancreatitis]]
![[Acute pancreatitis]]
|Abnormalities that may be seen in the pancreas include:
|Abnormalities that may be seen in the [[pancreas]] include:
* Typical findings
* Typical findings
** Focal or diffuse parenchymal enlargement
** Focal or diffuse parenchymal enlargement
** Changes in density because of [[edema]]
** Changes in density because of [[edema]]
** Indistinct pancreatic margins owing to inflammation
** Indistinct [[Pancreas|pancreatic]] margins owing to inflammation
** Mesenteric fatty infiltration around the pancreas
** [[Mesentery|Mesenteric]] fatty infiltration around the [[pancreas]]
* [[Liquefactive necrosis]] of pancreatic parenchyma
* [[Liquefactive necrosis]] of pancreatic parenchyma
** Lack of parenchymal enhancement
** Lack of parenchymal enhancement
** Often multifocal
** Often multifocal
* Abscess formation
* [[Abscess of pancreas|Abscess]] formation
** Circumscribed fluid collection
** Circumscribed fluid collection
** Little or no necrotic tissues (thus distinguishing it from infected necrosis)
** Little or no [[Necrotic tissue|necrotic tissues]] (thus distinguishing it from infected necrosis)
** Phlegmon formation
** [[Phlegmon]] formation
* [[Haemorrhage]]
* [[Haemorrhage]]
** High-attenuation fluid in the [[retroperitoneum]] or peripancreatic tissues
** High-attenuation fluid in the [[retroperitoneum]] or peripancreatic tissues
|
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (21).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
|-
|-
|[[Autosplenectomy]]
![[Autosplenectomy]]
|
|
* Abnormally small and irregular splenic remnant
* Abnormally small and irregular [[Spleen|splenic]] remnant
* May show calcified spleen
* May show [[Calcification|calcified]] [[spleen]]
|-
|[[Mesenteric vascular occlusion|Mesenteric vasculitis]]
|
|
* [[Ascites]]
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (22).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]  
** Fluid in the abdomen 
* Dilated bowel
* Mural thickening
* Abnormal wall enhancement
* Mesentric vessel engorgement
* Comb sign
** Hypervascular appearance of the [[mesentery]] 
** Linear densities on the mesenteric side of the affected segments of [[small bowel]], which lead to the appearance of the teeth of a comb 
|-
|-
|[[Acute cholecystitis]]
![[Acute cholecystitis]]
|
|
* [[Gallbladder]] distension
* [[Gallbladder]] distension
* [[Gallbladder]] wall thickening
* [[Gallbladder]] wall thickening
* Mural or mucosal hyperenhancement
* [[Mural thrombus|Mural]] or mucosal hyperenhancement
* Pericholecystic fluid and inflammatory fat stranding
* Pericholecystic fluid and inflammatory fat stranding
* Enhancement of the adjacent liver parenchyma due to reactive [[hyperaemia]]
* Enhancement of the adjacent liver parenchyma due to reactive [[hyperaemia]]
* Tensile gallbladder fundus sign
* Tensile [[Gallbladder|gallbladder fundus]] sign
** Fundus bulging the anterior abdominal wall
** Fundus bulging the [[anterior abdominal wall]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |Pulmonary involvement
|[[Pleural effusion]]
|
|
* May be associated with thickening of the [[pleura]]
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (23).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]  
* Fluid density
|-
|-
|[[Pulmonary emboli]]
| rowspan="3" style="background: #DCDCDC; " align="center" |<small><small>[[Pulmonary]]</small></small>
![[Pulmonary emboli]]
|
|
* Filling defects within the pulmonary vasculature with acute [[pulmonary emboli]]
* Filling defects within the [[pulmonary vasculature]] with acute [[pulmonary emboli]]
* Vascular CT signs include
* Vascular CT signs include
** Direct pulmonary artery signs
** Direct [[pulmonary artery]] signs
*** Complete obstruction
*** Complete [[obstruction]]
*** Partial obstruction
*** Partial obstruction
*** Eccentric [[thrombus]]
*** Eccentric [[thrombus]]
*** Calcified [[thrombus]]- calcific pulmonary emboli
*** Calcified [[thrombus]]- calcific pulmonary emboli
*** Pulmonary arterial bands
*** [[Pulmonary artery|Pulmonary arterial]] bands
*** Post stenotic dilatation
*** Post stenotic dilatation
** Signs related to [[pulmonary hypertension]]
** Signs related to [[pulmonary hypertension]]
*** Enlargement of main pulmonary arteries
*** Enlargement of main [[pulmonary arteries]]
*** Narrowing of the peripheral pulmonary arteries in affected segments
*** Narrowing of the [[Pulmonary arteries|peripheral pulmonary arteries]] in affected segments
*** [[Pulmonary hypertension|Pulmonary arterial]] calcification
*** [[Pulmonary hypertension|Pulmonary arterial]] [[calcification]]
*** Tortuous pulmonary vessels
*** Tortuous [[pulmonary vessels]]
*** [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]]
*** [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]]
** Signs of systemic collateral supply
** Signs of systemic collateral supply
Line 105: Line 173:
* Parenchymal signs (often non-specific on their own)
* Parenchymal signs (often non-specific on their own)
** [[Scars]]
** [[Scars]]
** Mosaic perfusion pattern
** Mosaic [[perfusion]] pattern
** Focal ground-glass opacities
** Focal ground-glass opacities
** Bronchial anomalies
** [[Bronchial]] anomalies
|-
|[[Pulmonary hypertension]]  
|
|
* ECG-gated CT pulmonary angiograph
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (24).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]  
** [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]]: defined as wall thickness of >4 mm
** Straightening or bowing (towards the left ventricle) of the [[interventricular septum]]
** [[Right ventricle|Right ventricular]] dilatation (a right ventricle–to–left ventricle diameter ratio of more than 1:1 at the midventricular level on axial images)
** Decreased [[right ventricular]] [[ejection fraction]]
** Ancillary features
*** Dilatation of the [[inferior vena cava]] and [[hepatic veins]]
*** [[Pericardial effusion]]
 
* Enlarged [[pulmonary trunk]] (measured at pulmonary artery bifurcation on an axial slice vertical to its long axis)
 
* Enlarged [[pulmonary arteries]]
* Mural calcification in central pulmonary arteries
* Centrilobular ground-glass nodules
* Neovascularity
** Tiny serpiginous intrapulmonary vessels that often emerge from centrilobular arterioles but do not conform to usual [[Pulmonary artery|pulmonary arterial anatomy]]
|-
|-
|Shrinking lung syndrome
!Shrinking lung syndrome
|
|
* Reduced lung volumes with [[diaphragmatic elevation]] 
* Reduced [[lung volumes]] with [[diaphragmatic elevation]] 
* Occasional basal [[atelectasis]] 
* Occasional basal [[atelectasis]] 
* No major [[Interstitial lung disease|parenchymal lung]] or [[pleural disease]] 
* No major [[Interstitial lung disease|parenchymal lung]] or [[pleural disease]] 
|
|-
|-
|[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
![[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
|
|
* Honeycombing
* Honeycombing
** Fibrotic cystic changes
** Fibrotic cystic changes
* Traction bronchiectasis
* Traction [[bronchiectasis]]
** Dilatation of [[bronchi]] and [[bronchioles]] within fibrotic lung tissue
** Dilatation of [[bronchi]] and [[bronchioles]] within fibrotic lung tissue
* Lung architectural distortion
* Lung architectural distortion
* Reticulation
* Reticulation
* Interlobular septal thickening
* Interlobular septal thickening
|-
|[[Pneumonitis]]
|
* Unilateral or bilateral patchy and focal consolidation typically in the lung bases
* May accompany [[pleural effusion]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |Cardiac involvement
|[[Mitral stenosis]]
|
|
* Valve thickening or leaflet fixation
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (25).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
|-
|-
|[[Acute pericarditis]]
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " align="center" |<small><small>[[Cardiac]]</small></small>
![[Acute pericarditis]]
|
|
* Enhancement of the thickened [[pericardium]]
* Enhancement of the thickened [[pericardium]]
|-
|[[Pericardial effusion]]
|
|
* Fluid density material surrounding the heart
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (26).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
|-
|-
|[[Coronary heart disease|Coronary artery disease]]
![[Pericardial effusion]]
|
|
* Coronary CT angiography (cCTA)
* Fluid density material surrounding the [[heart]]
** Show the amount of stenosis
|-
| rowspan="2" |Neurological involvement
|Genreral
|
|
* Brain atrophy
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (27).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
* May be due to steroid therapy or age
|-
|-
|[[Stroke]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " align="center" |<small><small>[[Neurological]]</small></small>
![[Stroke]]
|
|
* Early sign
* Early sign
** A hyperdense segment of a vessel, representing direct visualisation of the intravascular thrombus
** A hyperdense segment of a [[vessel]], representing direct [[Visualization (cam)|visualization]] of the [[Intravascular coagulation|intravascular thrombus]]
* Early hyperacute
* Early hyperacute
** Loss of grey-white matter differentiation
** Loss of grey-white matter differentiation
** Hypoattenuation of deep nuclei
** Hypoattenuation of deep nuclei
** Cortical hypodensity with associated parenchymal swelling with resultant gyral effacement
** Cortical hypodensity with associated [[Parenchyma|parenchymal]] swelling with resultant gyral effacement
** Elevation of the attenuation of the cortex
** Elevation of the attenuation of the [[cortex]]
|
[[File:Webp.net-gifmaker (28).gif|thumb|300px|<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://radiopaedia.org/  Adapted from Radiopaedia]''</SMALL></SMALL>]]
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 16:20, 1 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]

Overview

On abdominal CT-scan, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, pancreatic parenchymal enlargement, and ascites. On cardiac CT-scan, SLE may be characterized by enhancement of the thickened pericardium. On brain CT-scan, SLE may be characterized by brain atrophy, stroke patterns like cortical hypodensity, and increased attenuation of the cortex.

Key CT Findings in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

On CT-scan, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be characterized by the following features, based on the organ system involvement:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

More common complications

Organ Disease CT Preview
Gastrointestinal Hepatitis
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Mesenteric vasculitis
  • Ascites
  • Dilated bowel
  • Mural thickening
  • Abnormal wall enhancement
  • Mesentric vessel engorgement
  • Comb sign:
    • Hypervascular appearance of the mesentery 
    • Linear densities on the mesenteric side of the affected segments of small bowel, which lead to the appearance of the teeth of a comb 
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Kidney Nephritis
  • Heterogeneous enlarged kidneys
  • Mostly illustrate the rim of normal density tissue
  • Wedge shaped areas of low density
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Pulmonary Pleural effusion
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Pulmonary hypertension
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Pneumonitis
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Neurological Genreral

Less common complications

Organ Disease CT Preview
Gastrointestinal Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Acute pancreatitis Abnormalities that may be seen in the pancreas include:
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Autosplenectomy
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Acute cholecystitis
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Pulmonary Pulmonary emboli
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Shrinking lung syndrome
Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Honeycombing
    • Fibrotic cystic changes
  • Traction bronchiectasis
  • Lung architectural distortion
  • Reticulation
  • Interlobular septal thickening
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Cardiac Acute pericarditis
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Pericardial effusion
  • Fluid density material surrounding the heart
Adapted from Radiopaedia
Neurological Stroke
  • Early sign
  • Early hyperacute
    • Loss of grey-white matter differentiation
    • Hypoattenuation of deep nuclei
    • Cortical hypodensity with associated parenchymal swelling with resultant gyral effacement
    • Elevation of the attenuation of the cortex
Adapted from Radiopaedia

References

  1. ↑ Appenzeller S (2013). "Magnetic resonance imaging in systemic lupus erythematosus: where do we stand?". Cogn Behav Neurol. 26 (2): 53–4. doi:10.1097/WNN.0b013e31829d5b60. PMID 23812167.
  2. ↑ Thurman JM, Serkova NJ (2015). "Non-invasive imaging to monitor lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus". F1000Res. 4: 153. doi:10.12688/f1000research.6587.2. PMC 4536614. PMID 26309728.
  3. ↑ Lin K, Lloyd-Jones DM, Li D, Liu Y, Yang J, Markl M, Carr JC (2015). "Imaging of cardiovascular complications in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus". Lupus. 24 (11): 1126–34. doi:10.1177/0961203315588577. PMC 4567427. PMID 26038342.
  4. ↑ Sarbu N, Bargalló N, Cervera R (2015). "Advanced and Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Lupus". F1000Res. 4: 162. doi:10.12688/f1000research.6522.2. PMC 4505788. PMID 26236469.
  5. ↑ Qin H, Guo Q, Shen N, Huang X, Wu H, Zhang M, Bao C, Chen S (2014). "Chest imaging manifestations in lupus nephritis". Clin. Rheumatol. 33 (6): 817–23. doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2586-2. PMID 24696368.
  6. ↑ Goh YP, Naidoo P, Ngian GS (2013). "Imaging of systemic lupus erythematosus. Part II: gastrointestinal, renal, and musculoskeletal manifestations". Clin Radiol. 68 (2): 192–202. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2012.06.109. PMID 22901453.
  7. ↑ Gal Y, Twig G, Mozes O, Greenberg G, Hoffmann C, Shoenfeld Y (2013). "Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: an imaging challenge". Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 15 (7): 382–6. PMID 23943987.
  8. ↑ Shirato M, Hisa N, Fujikura Y, Ohkuma K, Kutsuki S, Hiramatsu K (1992). "[Imaging diagnosis of lupus enteritis--especially about sonographic findings]". Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi (in Japanese). 52 (10): 1394–9. PMID 1448334.
  9. ↑ Adachi JD, Lau A (2014). "Systemic lupus erythematosus, osteoporosis, and fractures". J. Rheumatol. 41 (10): 1913–5. doi:10.3899/jrheum.140919. PMID 25275093.
  10. ↑ Curiel R, Akin EA, Beaulieu G, DePalma L, Hashefi M (2011). "PET/CT imaging in systemic lupus erythematosus". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1228: 71–80. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06076.x. PMID 21718325.
  11. ↑ Goh YP, Naidoo P, Ngian GS (2013). "Imaging of systemic lupus erythematosus. Part I: CNS, cardiovascular, and thoracic manifestations". Clin Radiol. 68 (2): 181–91. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2012.06.110. PMID 22901452.

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