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| | __NOTOC__ |
| | {{Squamous cell carcinoma}} |
| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
| | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:Aditya Govindavarjhulla|Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:agovi@wikidoc.org], [[User:Raviteja Reddy Guddeti|Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:ravitheja.g@gmail.com], {{Faizan}}{{Anum}} |
| Name = Squamous cell carcinoma, NOS |
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| Image = Squamous Cell Carcinoma.jpg |
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| Caption = Tends to arise from pre-malignant lesions, actinic keratoses; surface is usually scaly and often ulcerates (as shown here). |
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| ICD10 = C44 |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|173}} |
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| ICDO = {{ICDO|8070|3}} |
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| MedlinePlus = 000829 |
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| }}
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| {{Squamous cell carcinoma}}
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| {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:Aditya Govindavarjhulla|Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:agovi@perfuse.org], [[User:Raviteja Reddy Guddeti|Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:rgudetti@perfuse.org] | |
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma overview|Overview]]==
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma historical aspects|Historical Aspects]]==
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma screening|Screening]]==
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma causes of squamous cell carcinoma|Causes of Squamous cell carcinoma]]==
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma differential diagnosis|Differential Diagnosis]]==
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma natural history complications and prognosis|Natural History Complications and Prognosis]]==
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma clinical features|Clinical Features]]==
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| == Diagnosis ==
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| Diagnosis is via a [[biopsy]]. For the skin, look under [[skin biopsy]].
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| The pathological appearance of a squamous cell cancer varies with the depth of the biopsy. For that reason, a biopsy including the subcutanous tissue and basalar epithelium, to the surface is necessary for correct diagnosis. The performance of a shave biopsy (see [[skin biopsy]]) might not acquire enough information for a diagnosis. An excision biopsy is ideal, but not practical in most cases. An incisional or punch biopsy is preferred. A shave biopsy is least ideal, especially if only the superficial portion is acquired.
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| === Physical Examination === | | ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==== Skin ==== | | ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is often caused by long term exposure to the sun. To be diagnosed, a [[biopsy]] is done where a sample is taken and examined under a microscope by a [[Pathologist]]. If it is found to be cancerous, a surgery is done to remove it. | | ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin classification|Classification]]== |
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| Squamous cell carcinomas account for about 20% of non-melanoma [[skin cancer]]s, (with [[basal cell carcinoma]]s accounting for about 80%), and are clinically more significant because of their ability to [[metastasize]]. Squamous cell carcinoma is usually developed in the epithelial layer of the [[skin]] and sometimes in various mucous membranes of the body.
| | ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common [[skin cancer|cancer of the skin]] (after [[basal cell carcinoma]] but more common than [[melanoma]]). It usually occurs in areas exposed to the sun, and can generally be treated by [[excision]] or [[mohs surgery]] only. | | ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin causes|Causes]]== |
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| Sunlight exposure and [[immunosuppression]] are risk factors for SCC of the skin with chronic sun exposure being the strongest environmental risk factor.<ref> name="mdconsult"</ref> The risk of metastasis is low, but is much higher than basal cell carcinoma.
| | ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin differential diagnosis|Differenting Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin from other Diseases]]== |
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| Squamous cell cancers of the lip and ears have high metastatic and recurrence rate (20 to 50%)<ref>http://www.aad.org/public/publications/pamphlets/sun_squamous.html</ref>. Squamous cell cancers of the skin in individuals on immunotherapy or having lymphoproliferative disorders (leukemias) are much more aggressive, regardless of their location.<ref>http://www.skincarephysicians.com/skincancernet/squamous_cell_carcinoma.html</ref> | | ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| Australian scientist Ian Frazer who developed the cervical cancer vaccine, says that animal tests have been effective in preventing squamous cell carcinoma in animals, and there may be a human vaccine against this kind of skin cancer within the decade.<ref>Cosmos Online - Skin cancer vaccine within reach (http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/2327/skin-cancer-vaccine-within-reach)</ref>
| | ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ==== Ear Nose and Throat ==== | | ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin screening|Screening]]== |
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| <div align="left">
| | ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:Squamous cell carcinoma oral 001.jpg|Squamous cell carcinoma in oral cavity. <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>
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| Image:Squamous cell carcinoma oral 002.jpg|Squamous cell carcinoma in oral cavity. <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>
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| Image:Squamous cell carcinoma oral 003.jpg|Squamous cell carcinoma in oral cavity. <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| | ==Diagnosis== |
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| <div align="left">
| | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin staging|Staging]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin CT|CT]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin MRI|MRI]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:squamous cell skin cancer.jpg|Squamous cell skin cancer.<ref>http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages</ref>
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| Image:Squamous_cell_carcinoma.jpg|A large squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue<ref>http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages</ref>
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| Image:AuricleMelanoma SqCC.jpg|This patient had two adjacent cancers. The flat black lesion below the antitragus is a malignant melanoma. The white elevated keratotic lesion is a squamous cell carcinoma <ref>http://www.ghorayeb.com</ref>.
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| | ==Treatment== |
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| | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin surgery|Surgery]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:Head oral scc.jpg|Squamous Cell Cancer of the Mouth: Irregular, necrotic appearing tissue on the inside of the mouth due to extensive squamous cell cancer. Patient has limited ability to open his mouth (aka trismus) as a result of the infiltrating cancer.
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| Image:head_oral_scc1.jpg|Squamous Cell Cancer, Base of Tongue: Note white area with swelling, right base of tongue.
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| | ==Case Studies== |
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| <div align="left">
| | [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin case study one|Case #1]] |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:Head_oral_scc2.jpg|Squamous Cell Cancer of the Mouth: Cancer that began along the lower gum line has spread to left submandibular lymph nodes.
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| Image:Head_oral_scc3.jpg|Squamous Cell Cancer of the Mouth: Cancer that began along the lower gum line has spread to left submandibular lymph nodes.
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:Auriclesqccastellateexcision.jpg|Recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the auricle (far left) excised with a stellate incision across the antihelix<ref>http://www.ghorayeb.com</ref>.
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| Image:Auricle003.jpg|The final result of the excision<ref>http://www.ghorayeb.com</ref>.
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| ===Esophagus===
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| [[Esophageal cancer]] may be due to either squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or [[adenocarcinoma]] (EAC). SCCs tend to occur closer to the mouth, while adenocarcinomas occur closer to the stomach. [[Dysphagia]] (difficulty swallowing, solids worse than liquids) and [[odynophagia]] are common initial symptoms. If the disease is localized, [[esophagectomy]] may offer the possibility of a cure. If the disease has spread, [[chemotherapy]] and radiotherapy are commonly used.
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| ====Penis====
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| When squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease) is found on the penis, it is called erythroplasia of Queyrat<ref>http://www.emedicine.com/derm/TOPIC144.HTM</ref>. This type of cancer respond very well to an experimental agent called Aldara.
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| ====Prostate====
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| When associated with the prostate, squamous cell carcinoma is very aggressive in nature. It is difficult to detect as there is no increase in [[prostate specific antigen]] levels seen; meaning that the cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:Squamous cell carcinoma of prostate.jpg|Prostate: Squamous cell carcinoma
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| Image:Squamous cell carcinoma of prostate 2.jpg|Prostate: Squamous cell carcinoma
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| ====Lung====
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| When associated with the lung, it often causes ectopic production of [[parathyroid hormone-related protein]] (PTHrP), resulting in [[hypercalcemia]].
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:Oral cancer (1) squamous cell carcinoma histopathology.jpg|[[Biopsy]] of a highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. [[H&E stain|Haematoxylin & eosin stain]].
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| Image:Ca bronchus.jpg|Photograph of a squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour is on the left, obstructing the bronchus (lung). Beyond the tumour the bronchus is inflammed and contains mucus
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| ====Vagina and cervix====
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| Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma spreads slowly and usually stays near the vagina, but may spread to the lungs and liver. This is the most common type of [[vaginal cancer]].
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| === Cervix: Squamous cell carcinoma===
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| <youtube v=zB47nE-i8dQ/>
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| <youtube v=J3kULzKGzws/>
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| ==[[Squamous cell carcinoma treatment|Treatment]]==
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| *'''[[Squamous cell carcinoma medical treatment|Medical treatment]]'''
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| *'''[[Squamous cell carcinoma surgical treatment|Surgical treatment]]'''
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| ==Future and Investigational treatment strategies==
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| In 2007, Australian biopharmaceutical company Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited began [[clinical trials]] with a [[melanocyte-stimulating hormone]] called [[melanotan]] (known by the [[International Nonproprietary Name]] ''afamelanotide'', formerly CUV1647)<ref name="Clinuvel-INN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.clinuvel.com/resources/pdf/asx_announcements/2008/20080617WHOGenericName.pdf|title=World Health Organisation assigns CUV1647 generic name|accessdate=2008-06-17|publisher=Clinuvel|year=2008|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> to provide [[photoprotection]] for organ transplant patients against squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and [[actinic keratosis]].<ref name="Clinuvel">[http://www.clinuvel.com/en/faqs/ Clinuvel » Investors » FAQs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="PharmaAsia">[http://www.pharmaasia.com/article-6618-clinuvelsdrugbeginsglobalphaseiiskincancertrials-Asia.html PharmaAsia - Clinuvel’s Drug Begins Global Phase II Skin Cancer Trials]</ref>
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| [[Cetuximab]] a monoclonal antibody that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has antitumor activity in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, as initially suggested by case reports.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.skincancer.org/squamous/index.php Information on Squamous Cell Carcinoma from The Skin Cancer Foundation]
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| * [http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic401.htm Article by Stephen D Hess, MD, PhD]
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| * [http://www.dermnetnz.org/lesions/squamous-cell-carcinoma.html DermNet NZ: Squamous cell carcinoma]
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| * [http://www.skintherapyletter.com/2004/9.4/2.html Squamous cell carcinoma in transplant recipients]
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| {{Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology}} | | {{Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology}} |
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| [[Category:Otolaryngology]] | | [[Category:Otolaryngology]] |
| [[Category:Mature chapter]] | | [[Category:Mature chapter]] |
| [[Category:Grammar]]
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| [[de:Plattenepithelkarzinom]]
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| [[he:קרצינומת תאי קשקש]]
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| [[nl:Plaveiselcelcarcinoom]]
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| [[pl:Rak kolczystokomórkowy skóry]]
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| [[tr:Skuamöz hücreli karsinoma]]
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