SERAC1: Difference between revisions

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{{cite journal | vauthors =  | title = UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 45 | issue = D1 | pages = D158-D169 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27899622 | pmc = 5210571 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkw1099 }}
{{cite journal | vauthors =  | title = UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 45 | issue = D1 | pages = D158-D169 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27899622 | pmc = 5210571 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkw1099 }}
</ref>The protein encoded by this gene is a [[phosphatidylglycerol]] remodeling protein found at the interface of [[mitochondria]] and [[endoplasmic reticulum|endoplasmic reticula]], where it mediates [[phospholipid]] exchange. The encoded protein plays a major role in [[mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] function and intracellular [[cholesterol]] trafficking. Defects in this gene are a cause of [[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]] with deafness, [[encephalopathy]], and Leigh-like syndrome (MEGDEL). Two [[transcript variants]], one protein-coding and the other non-protein coding, have been found for this gene.<ref name="entrez"/>
</ref> The protein encoded by this gene is a [[phosphatidylglycerol]] remodeling protein found at the interface of [[mitochondria]] and [[endoplasmic reticulum|endoplasmic reticula]], where it mediates [[phospholipid]] exchange. The encoded protein plays a major role in [[mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] function and intracellular [[cholesterol]] trafficking. Defects in this gene are a cause of [[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]] with deafness, [[encephalopathy]], and Leigh-like syndrome (MEGDEL). Two [[transcript variants]], one protein-coding and the other non-protein coding, have been found for this gene.<ref name="entrez"/>


== Structure ==
== Structure ==
The ''SERAC1'' gene is located on the [[Locus (genetics)|q arm]] of [[chromosome 6]] at position 25.3 and it spans 58,776 base pairs.<ref name = entrez /> The ''SERAC1'' gene produces a 18.7 kDa protein composed of 162 [[amino acids]].<ref name=COPaKB>
The ''SERAC1'' gene is located on the [[Locus (genetics)|q arm]] of [[chromosome 6]] at position 25.3 and it spans 58,776 base pairs.<ref name = entrez /> The ''SERAC1'' gene produces an 18.7 kDa protein composed of 162 [[amino acids]].<ref name=COPaKB>


{{cite journal | vauthors = Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P | title = Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–53 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23965338 | pmc = 4076475 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151 }}</ref><ref name="url_COPaKB">{{cite web | url = https://amino.heartproteome.org/web/protein/Q5JVM6 | work = Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) | title = Protein SERAC1 }}
{{cite journal | vauthors = Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P | title = Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–53 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23965338 | pmc = 4076475 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151 }}</ref><ref name="url_COPaKB">{{cite web | url = https://amino.heartproteome.org/web/protein/Q5JVM6 | work = Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) | title = Protein SERAC1 }}
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== Function ==
== Function ==
The ''SERAC1'' gene encodes for a [[protein]] necessary for [[phosphatidylglycerol]] remodeling. [[phosphatidylglycerol]] remodeling is a process of altering or remodeling a particular [[phospholipid]] called [[phosphatidylglycerol]]. [[Phosphatidylglycerol]] helps make [[cardiolipin]], an important ingredient that surrounds the [[Inner mitochondrial membrane]]. [[Cardiolipin]] is responsible for converting energy acquired from food to a cell-usable form and required for proper mitochondrial function. Because of [[cardiolipin]], the remodeling process of [[phosphatidylglycerol]] is essential for mitochondrial function and intracellular cholesterol trafficking.<ref name = "GHR"/><ref name = "uniprot"/><ref name = "uniprot0"/>  
The ''SERAC1'' gene encodes for a [[protein]] necessary for [[phosphatidylglycerol]] remodeling. [[phosphatidylglycerol]] remodeling is a process of altering or remodeling a particular [[phospholipid]] called [[phosphatidylglycerol]]. [[Phosphatidylglycerol]] helps make [[cardiolipin]], an important ingredient that surrounds the [[Inner mitochondrial membrane]]. [[Cardiolipin]] is responsible for converting energy acquired from food to a cell-usable form and required for proper mitochondrial function. Because of [[cardiolipin]], the remodeling process of [[phosphatidylglycerol]] is essential for mitochondrial function and intracellular cholesterol trafficking.<ref name = "GHR"/><ref name = "uniprot"/><ref name = "uniprot0"/>


Additionally, SERAC1 is involved in the movement of [[cholesterol]], which are fatty, waxy substances within cells. [[Cholesterol]] is a component of cell structure, and produces [[hormones]] and digestive [[acids]]. The protein may also be involved in the [[acylation|transacylation-acylation reaction]] to produce [[phosphatidylglycerol]]-36:1 and bis([[monoacylglycerol]])phosphate biosynthetic pathway.<ref name = "GHR"/><ref name = "uniprot"/><ref name = "uniprot0"/>  
Additionally, SERAC1 is involved in the movement of [[cholesterol]], which are fatty, waxy substances within cells. [[Cholesterol]] is a component of cell structure, and produces [[hormones]] and digestive [[acids]]. The protein may also be involved in the [[acylation|transacylation-acylation reaction]] to produce [[phosphatidylglycerol]]-36:1 and bis([[monoacylglycerol]])phosphate biosynthetic pathway.<ref name = "GHR"/><ref name = "uniprot"/><ref name = "uniprot0"/>


== Clinical Significance ==
== Clinical Significance ==
Mutations in the ''SERAC1'' gene have been associated to impairment of both mitochondrial function and intracellular [[cholesterol]] trafficking.<ref name="pmid22683713">
Mutations in the ''SERAC1'' gene have been associated to impairment of both mitochondrial function and intracellular [[cholesterol]] trafficking.<ref name="pmid22683713">


{{cite journal | vauthors = Wortmann SB, Vaz FM, Gardeitchik T, Vissers LE, Renkema GH, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JH, Kulik W, Lammens M, Christin C, Kluijtmans LA, Rodenburg RJ, Nijtmans LG, Grünewald A, Klein C, Gerhold JM, Kozicz T, van Hasselt PM, Harakalova M, Kloosterman W, Barić I, Pronicka E, Ucar SK, Naess K, Singhal KK, Krumina Z, Gilissen C, van Bokhoven H, Veltman JA, Smeitink JA, Lefeber DJ, Spelbrink JN, Wevers RA, Morava E, de Brouwer AP | title = Mutations in the phospholipid remodeling gene SERAC1 impair mitochondrial function and intracellular cholesterol trafficking and cause dystonia and deafness | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 44 | issue = 7 | pages = 797–802 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683713 | doi = 10.1038/ng.2325 }}
{{cite journal | vauthors = Wortmann SB, Vaz FM, Gardeitchik T, Vissers LE, Renkema GH, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JH, Kulik W, Lammens M, Christin C, Kluijtmans LA, Rodenburg RJ, Nijtmans LG, Grünewald A, Klein C, Gerhold JM, Kozicz T, van Hasselt PM, Harakalova M, Kloosterman W, Barić I, Pronicka E, Ucar SK, Naess K, Singhal KK, Krumina Z, Gilissen C, van Bokhoven H, Veltman JA, Smeitink JA, Lefeber DJ, Spelbrink JN, Wevers RA, Morava E, de Brouwer AP | title = Mutations in the phospholipid remodeling gene SERAC1 impair mitochondrial function and intracellular cholesterol trafficking and cause dystonia and deafness | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 44 | issue = 7 | pages = 797–802 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683713 | doi = 10.1038/ng.2325 }}


</ref> Such mutations have been majorly associated withand [[Leigh syndrome]] and [[3-methylglutaconic aciduria|3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome]], known as MEGDEL syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lumish HS, Yang Y, Xia F, Wilson A, Chung WK | title = The Expanding MEGDEL Phenotype: Optic Nerve Atrophy, Microcephaly, and Myoclonic Epilepsy in a Child with SERAC1 Mutations | journal = JIMD Reports | volume = 16 | pages = 75–9 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24997715 | pmc = 4221303 | doi = 10.1007/8904_2014_322 }}</ref>
</ref> Such mutations have been majorly associated withand [[Leigh syndrome]] and [[3-methylglutaconic aciduria|3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome]], known as MEGDEL syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lumish HS, Yang Y, Xia F, Wilson A, Chung WK | title = The Expanding MEGDEL Phenotype: Optic Nerve Atrophy, Microcephaly, and Myoclonic Epilepsy in a Child with SERAC1 Mutations | journal = JIMD Reports | volume = 16 | pages = 75–9 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24997715 | pmc = 4221303 | doi = 10.1007/8904_2014_322 }}</ref>
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''SERAC1'' mutations have been heavily associated with MGDEL syndrome. MGDEL syndrome (3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome) is an [[Genetic disorder|autosomal recessive disorder]] characterized by childhood onset of delayed psychomotor development or psychomotor regression, [[sensorineural deafness]], [[spasticity]] or [[dystonia]] and increased excretion of [[3-methylglutaconic acid]]. Brain imaging shows [[cerebrum|cerebral]] and [[cerebellar]] [[atrophy]] as well as [[lesions]] in the [[basal ganglia]] reminiscent of [[Leigh syndrome]]. Laboratory studies show increased [[Serum (blood)|serum]] [[Lactic acid|lactate]] and alanine, [[Oxidative phosphorylation|mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation]] defects, abnormal [[mitochondria]], abnormal [[phosphatidylglycerol]] and [[cardiolipin]] profiles in [[fibroblasts]], and abnormal accumulation of unesterified [[cholesterol]] within cells.<ref name = "uniprot0"/><ref name = "uniprot"/>
''SERAC1'' mutations have been heavily associated with MGDEL syndrome. MGDEL syndrome (3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome) is an [[Genetic disorder|autosomal recessive disorder]] characterized by childhood onset of delayed psychomotor development or psychomotor regression, [[sensorineural deafness]], [[spasticity]] or [[dystonia]] and increased excretion of [[3-methylglutaconic acid]]. Brain imaging shows [[cerebrum|cerebral]] and [[cerebellar]] [[atrophy]] as well as [[lesions]] in the [[basal ganglia]] reminiscent of [[Leigh syndrome]]. Laboratory studies show increased [[Serum (blood)|serum]] [[Lactic acid|lactate]] and alanine, [[Oxidative phosphorylation|mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation]] defects, abnormal [[mitochondria]], abnormal [[phosphatidylglycerol]] and [[cardiolipin]] profiles in [[fibroblasts]], and abnormal accumulation of unesterified [[cholesterol]] within cells.<ref name = "uniprot0"/><ref name = "uniprot"/>


The ''SERAC1'' gene mutations that cause this condition reduce the amount of SERAC1 protein that is produced or lead to production of a protein with little or no function. As a result, [[phosphatidylglycerol]] remodeling is impaired, which likely alters the composition of [[cardiolipin]]. Researchers speculate that the abnormal [[cardiolipin]] affects mitochondrial function, reducing cellular energy production and leading to the neurological and hearing problems characteristic of MEGDEL syndrome. It is unclear how SERAC1 gene mutations lead to abnormal release of [[3-methylglutaconic acid]] in the urine.<ref name = "GHR"> {{ cite web| url = http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SERAC1| work = Genetics Home Reference | title = SERAC1 | publisher = NCBI}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name = "entrez"/>
The ''SERAC1'' gene mutations that cause this condition reduce the amount of SERAC1 protein that is produced or lead to production of a protein with little or no function. As a result, [[phosphatidylglycerol]] remodeling is impaired, which likely alters the composition of [[cardiolipin]]. Researchers speculate that the abnormal [[cardiolipin]] affects mitochondrial function, reducing cellular energy production and leading to the neurological and hearing problems characteristic of MEGDEL syndrome. It is unclear how SERAC1 gene mutations lead to abnormal release of [[3-methylglutaconic acid]] in the urine.<ref name = "GHR">{{ cite web| url = http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SERAC1| work = Genetics Home Reference | title = SERAC1 | publisher = NCBI}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name = "entrez"/>


A c.202C>T mutation in this gene has been found in a patient suffering from [[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]], and related symptoms.<ref name="pmid23707711">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tort F, García-Silva MT, Ferrer-Cortès X, Navarro-Sastre A, Garcia-Villoria J, Coll MJ, Vidal E, Jiménez-Almazán J, Dopazo J, Briones P, Elpeleg O, Ribes A | title = Exome sequencing identifies a new mutation in SERAC1 in a patient with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria | journal = Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | volume = 110 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 73–7 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23707711 | doi = 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.04.021 }}</ref> Two patients with Homozygous G>C transversions in the ''SERAC1'' gene have been found to show symptoms of MEGDEL syndrome with [[deafness]], [[encephalopathy]], and Leigh-like syndrome.<ref name="pmid22683713"/> Another patient with a homozygous 4 [[base pair]] deletion (1167delTCAG) showed symptoms of recurrent infections, [[failure to thrive]], [[mental retardation]], [[spasticity]] and [[extrapyramidal symptoms]].<ref>
A c.202C>T mutation in this gene has been found in a patient suffering from [[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]], and related symptoms.<ref name="pmid23707711">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tort F, García-Silva MT, Ferrer-Cortès X, Navarro-Sastre A, Garcia-Villoria J, Coll MJ, Vidal E, Jiménez-Almazán J, Dopazo J, Briones P, Elpeleg O, Ribes A | title = Exome sequencing identifies a new mutation in SERAC1 in a patient with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria | journal = Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | volume = 110 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 73–7 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23707711 | doi = 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.04.021 }}</ref> Two patients with Homozygous G>C transversions in the ''SERAC1'' gene have been found to show symptoms of MEGDEL syndrome with [[deafness]], [[encephalopathy]], and Leigh-like syndrome.<ref name="pmid22683713"/> Another patient with a homozygous 4 [[base pair]] deletion (1167delTCAG) showed symptoms of recurrent infections, [[failure to thrive]], [[mental retardation]], [[spasticity]] and [[extrapyramidal symptoms]].<ref>

Latest revision as of 14:11, 5 January 2019

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Serine active site-containing protein 1, or Protein SERAC1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the SERAC1 gene.[1][2][3] The protein encoded by this gene is a phosphatidylglycerol remodeling protein found at the interface of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula, where it mediates phospholipid exchange. The encoded protein plays a major role in mitochondrial function and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Defects in this gene are a cause of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome (MEGDEL). Two transcript variants, one protein-coding and the other non-protein coding, have been found for this gene.[1]

Structure

The SERAC1 gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 6 at position 25.3 and it spans 58,776 base pairs.[1] The SERAC1 gene produces an 18.7 kDa protein composed of 162 amino acids.[4][5] The structure of the encoded protein contains a C-terminal serine-lipase/esterase domain containing the consensus lipase motif GxSxG, and an N-terminal signal sequence.[6]

Function

The SERAC1 gene encodes for a protein necessary for phosphatidylglycerol remodeling. phosphatidylglycerol remodeling is a process of altering or remodeling a particular phospholipid called phosphatidylglycerol. Phosphatidylglycerol helps make cardiolipin, an important ingredient that surrounds the Inner mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin is responsible for converting energy acquired from food to a cell-usable form and required for proper mitochondrial function. Because of cardiolipin, the remodeling process of phosphatidylglycerol is essential for mitochondrial function and intracellular cholesterol trafficking.[7][2][3]

Additionally, SERAC1 is involved in the movement of cholesterol, which are fatty, waxy substances within cells. Cholesterol is a component of cell structure, and produces hormones and digestive acids. The protein may also be involved in the transacylation-acylation reaction to produce phosphatidylglycerol-36:1 and bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate biosynthetic pathway.[7][2][3]

Clinical Significance

Mutations in the SERAC1 gene have been associated to impairment of both mitochondrial function and intracellular cholesterol trafficking.[6] Such mutations have been majorly associated withand Leigh syndrome and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome, known as MEGDEL syndrome.[8]

MEGDEL syndrome

SERAC1 mutations have been heavily associated with MGDEL syndrome. MGDEL syndrome (3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by childhood onset of delayed psychomotor development or psychomotor regression, sensorineural deafness, spasticity or dystonia and increased excretion of 3-methylglutaconic acid. Brain imaging shows cerebral and cerebellar atrophy as well as lesions in the basal ganglia reminiscent of Leigh syndrome. Laboratory studies show increased serum lactate and alanine, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation defects, abnormal mitochondria, abnormal phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin profiles in fibroblasts, and abnormal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol within cells.[3][2]

The SERAC1 gene mutations that cause this condition reduce the amount of SERAC1 protein that is produced or lead to production of a protein with little or no function. As a result, phosphatidylglycerol remodeling is impaired, which likely alters the composition of cardiolipin. Researchers speculate that the abnormal cardiolipin affects mitochondrial function, reducing cellular energy production and leading to the neurological and hearing problems characteristic of MEGDEL syndrome. It is unclear how SERAC1 gene mutations lead to abnormal release of 3-methylglutaconic acid in the urine.[7][1]

A c.202C>T mutation in this gene has been found in a patient suffering from 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, and related symptoms.[9] Two patients with Homozygous G>C transversions in the SERAC1 gene have been found to show symptoms of MEGDEL syndrome with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome.[6] Another patient with a homozygous 4 base pair deletion (1167delTCAG) showed symptoms of recurrent infections, failure to thrive, mental retardation, spasticity and extrapyramidal symptoms.[10]

Leigh syndrome

Leigh syndrome is an early-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of focal, bilateral lesions in one or more areas of the central nervous system including the brainstem, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum and spinal cord. Clinical features depend on which areas of the central nervous system are involved and include subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, muscle weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, and dysphagia.[11]

Interactions

SERAC1 has been shown to have Protein-protein interactions with the following.[12][2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Entrez Gene: Serine active site containing 1". Retrieved 2012-07-24. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Protein SERAC1". Retrieved 2018-08-27.File:CC-BY-icon-80x15.png This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D158–D169. January 2017. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1099. PMC 5210571. PMID 27899622.
  4. ↑ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (October 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
  5. ↑ "Protein SERAC1". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Wortmann SB, Vaz FM, Gardeitchik T, Vissers LE, Renkema GH, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JH, Kulik W, Lammens M, Christin C, Kluijtmans LA, Rodenburg RJ, Nijtmans LG, Grünewald A, Klein C, Gerhold JM, Kozicz T, van Hasselt PM, Harakalova M, Kloosterman W, Barić I, Pronicka E, Ucar SK, Naess K, Singhal KK, Krumina Z, Gilissen C, van Bokhoven H, Veltman JA, Smeitink JA, Lefeber DJ, Spelbrink JN, Wevers RA, Morava E, de Brouwer AP (June 2012). "Mutations in the phospholipid remodeling gene SERAC1 impair mitochondrial function and intracellular cholesterol trafficking and cause dystonia and deafness". Nature Genetics. 44 (7): 797–802. doi:10.1038/ng.2325. PMID 22683713.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "SERAC1". Genetics Home Reference. NCBI. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ↑ Lumish HS, Yang Y, Xia F, Wilson A, Chung WK (2014). "The Expanding MEGDEL Phenotype: Optic Nerve Atrophy, Microcephaly, and Myoclonic Epilepsy in a Child with SERAC1 Mutations". JIMD Reports. 16: 75–9. doi:10.1007/8904_2014_322. PMC 4221303. PMID 24997715.
  9. ↑ Tort F, García-Silva MT, Ferrer-Cortès X, Navarro-Sastre A, Garcia-Villoria J, Coll MJ, Vidal E, Jiménez-Almazán J, Dopazo J, Briones P, Elpeleg O, Ribes A (2013). "Exome sequencing identifies a new mutation in SERAC1 in a patient with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 110 (1–2): 73–7. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.04.021. PMID 23707711.
  10. ↑ Wortmann S, Rodenburg RJ, Huizing M, Loupatty FJ, de Koning T, Kluijtmans LA, Engelke U, Wevers R, Smeitink JA, Morava E (May 2006). "Association of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria with sensori-neural deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome (MEGDEL association) in four patients with a disorder of the oxidative phosphorylation". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 88 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.01.013. PMID 16527507.
  11. ↑ "Leigh syndrome". www.uniprot.org.
  12. ↑ Mick DU, Dennerlein S, Wiese H, Reinhold R, Pacheu-Grau D, Lorenzi I, Sasarman F, Weraarpachai W, Shoubridge EA, Warscheid B, Rehling P (December 2012). "MITRAC links mitochondrial protein translocation to respiratory-chain assembly and translational regulation". Cell. 151 (7): 1528–41. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.053. PMID 23260140.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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