Pharyngitis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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=== Corynebacterium diphtheriae === | === Corynebacterium diphtheriae === | ||
*The incubation period of [[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]] infection range between 2-4 weeks.<ref name="pmid15053411" /> | *The [[incubation]] period of [[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]] infection range between 2-4 weeks.<ref name="pmid15053411" /> | ||
*Diphtheria common in children and primarily among unimmunized or poorly immunized members of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.<ref name="pmid11172144">Bisno AL (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11172144 Acute pharyngitis.] ''N Engl J Med'' 344 (3):205-11. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 DOI:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11172144 11172144]</ref> | *[[Diphtheria]] common in children and primarily among unimmunized or poorly immunized members of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.<ref name="pmid11172144">Bisno AL (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11172144 Acute pharyngitis.] ''N Engl J Med'' 344 (3):205-11. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 DOI:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11172144 11172144]</ref> | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
Identifying the cause of pharyngitis, especially [[Group A streptococcal infection|GABHS]], is important to prevent potential life-threatening complications.☃☃ Serious complications of pharyngitis may include [[peritonsillar abscess]] or [[retropharyngeal abscess]].☃☃ Complications of [[pharyngitis]] based on the causing agent include the following: <ref name="pmid22338589">{{cite journal| author=Murray RC, Chennupati SK| title=Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis. | journal=Infect Disord Drug Targets | year= 2012 | volume= 12 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=22338589 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22338589 }} </ref> | Identifying the cause of pharyngitis, especially [[Group A streptococcal infection|GABHS]], is important to prevent potential [[life-threatening]] [[complications]].☃☃ Serious complications of pharyngitis may include [[peritonsillar abscess]] or [[retropharyngeal abscess]].☃☃ Complications of [[pharyngitis]] based on the causing agent include the following: <ref name="pmid22338589">{{cite journal| author=Murray RC, Chennupati SK| title=Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis. | journal=Infect Disord Drug Targets | year= 2012 | volume= 12 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=22338589 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22338589 }} </ref> | ||
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center | {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center | ||
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*Streptococcal [[toxic shock syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22338589">{{cite journal| author=Murray RC, Chennupati SK| title=Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis. | journal=Infect Disord Drug Targets | year= 2012 | volume= 12 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=22338589 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22338589 }} </ref> | *Streptococcal [[toxic shock syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22338589">{{cite journal| author=Murray RC, Chennupati SK| title=Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis. | journal=Infect Disord Drug Targets | year= 2012 | volume= 12 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=22338589 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22338589 }} </ref> | ||
*Acute [[glomerulonephritis]] ([[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]])<ref name="pmid15053411" /> | *Acute [[glomerulonephritis]] ([[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]])<ref name="pmid15053411" /> | ||
*Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococci (PANDAS) | *Pediatric [[autoimmune]] [[neuropsychiatric]] disorder associated with [[group A streptococci]] (PANDAS) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Influenza''' | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Influenza''' | ||
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*[[Guillain-Barre syndrome]] | *[[Guillain-Barre syndrome]] | ||
*[[Transverse myelitis]] | *[[Transverse myelitis]] | ||
*[[Myositis]] and rhabdomyolysis | *[[Myositis]] and [[rhabdomyolysis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Adenovirus''' | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Adenovirus''' | ||
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*[[Pneumonia]] | *[[Pneumonia]] | ||
*[[Otitis media]] | *[[Otitis media]] | ||
*Meningoencephalitis | *[[Meningoencephalitis]] | ||
*[[Hepatitis]] | *[[Hepatitis]] | ||
*[[Myocarditis ]] | *[[Myocarditis ]] | ||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Cocksackie A virus''' | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Cocksackie A virus''' | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
*Aseptic [[meningitis]] | *[[Aseptic]] [[meningitis]] | ||
*[[Myocarditis]] | *[[Myocarditis]] | ||
*Acute flaccid paralysis | *[[Acute flaccid paralysis]] | ||
*Conjunctival ulceration | *[[Conjunctival ulceration]] | ||
*Brainstem [[encephalitis]] | *[[Brainstem]] [[encephalitis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Epstein barr virus''' | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Epstein barr virus''' | ||
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*[[Airway obstruction]] | *[[Airway obstruction]] | ||
*[[Splenic rupture]] | *[[Splenic rupture]] | ||
*X-linked lymphoproliferative disease | *[[X-linked lymphoproliferative disease]] | ||
*Lymphomatoid granulomatosis | *[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Less common complications'''}} | | colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Less common complications'''}} | ||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Gonococcus''' | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Gonococcus''' | ||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
*Disseminated gonorrhea | *[[Disseminated gonorrhea]] | ||
*[[Meningitis]] | *[[Meningitis]] | ||
*[[Endocarditis]] | *[[Endocarditis]] | ||
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*[[Myocarditis]] | *[[Myocarditis]] | ||
*[[Polyneuropathies]] | *[[Polyneuropathies]] | ||
** 10th cranial nerve disorder | ** [[10th cranial nerve disorder]] | ||
** 9th cranial nerve disorder | ** [[9th cranial nerve disorder]] | ||
** [[Peripheral motor neuropathy]] | ** [[Peripheral motor neuropathy]] | ||
* Diaphragm paralysis | * [[Diaphragm paralysis]] | ||
* Neurogenic bladder dysfunction | * [[Neurogenic bladder dysfunction]] | ||
* [[Acute renal failure ]] | * [[Acute renal failure ]] | ||
* [[Septicemia]] | * [[Septicemia]] | ||
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=== Rheumatic fever === | === Rheumatic fever === | ||
[[Rheumatic fever]] is exceedingly rare in the United States and other developed countries (annual incidence less than one case per 100,000). This illness should be suspected in any patient with joint swelling and pain, subcutaneous nodules, [[erythema marginatum]] or [[heart murmur]], and a confirmed streptococcal infection during the preceding month. Patients will have an elevated [[ASO titer|antistreptolysin- O titer]] and [[ESR|erythrocyte sedimentation rate]].<ref name="pmid15053411" /> | [[Rheumatic fever]] is exceedingly rare in the United States and other developed countries (annual incidence of less than one case per 100,000). This illness should be suspected in any patient with joint swelling and pain, [[subcutaneous]] [[nodules]], [[erythema marginatum]] or [[heart murmur]], and a confirmed streptococcal infection during the preceding month. Patients will have an elevated [[ASO titer|antistreptolysin- O titer]] and [[ESR|erythrocyte sedimentation rate]].<ref name="pmid15053411" /> | ||
=== Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis === | === Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis === | ||
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=== Scarlet fever === | === Scarlet fever === | ||
Scarlet fever is another complication of [[Group A streptococcal infection|GABHS]] pharyngitis and usually presents as a rash characterized by punctate, [[erythematous]], | Scarlet fever is another complication of [[Group A streptococcal infection|GABHS]] pharyngitis and usually presents as a [[rash]] characterized by punctate, [[erythematous]], branch able, sandpaper-like [[exanthematous]] [[rash]]. Rash distributes in the neck, [[groin]], and [[axillae]], and accentuate specifically in the body folds and creases. Other findings include pharynx and tonsils appear erythematous and covered with exudates and tongue appears as bright red with white coating, also known as [[strawberry tongue]]. | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
Most cases of [[pharyngitis]] go away on their own without [[complications]]. | Most cases of [[pharyngitis]] go away on their own without [[complications]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 13:22, 22 December 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2], Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [3]
Overview
The sore throat, fever, and malaise associated with acute pharyngitis are distressing, but with few exceptions, these illnesses are both benign and self-limited. Many bacterial and viral organisms are capable of inducing pharyngitis, either as a single manifestation or as part of a more generalized illness. History and symptoms are essential to diagnosis to identify the treatable causes (e.g., GAS) to prevent complications.
Natural History
- Acute pharyngitis is typically described as the triad of sore throat, fever, and pharyngeal inflammation characterized by erythema and edema, although exudates, vesicles, or ulcerations may also be present.
- Although pharyngitis may be a primary disorder, sore throat and pharyngeal erythema may also be prominent in systemic disorders, such as acute retroviral syndrome, or part of a more generalized upper respiratory tract infection.
- Most cases of acute pharyngitis are due to common viral infections and are benign,self-limited processes.[1]
- The appropriate recognition of patients with more complicated infections that require diagnostic evaluations and treatment is one of the challenges of primary care medicine.[2] An estimated 1-2% of acute pharyngitis progresses to recurrent or chronic disease.[3]
- Patients with recurrent episodes of pharyngitis and more than one episode of streptococcal pharyngitis at close intervals associated with laboratory evidence of GAS pharyngitis consider that they should also be alert to the possibility that the patient may actually be a chronic pharyngeal GAS carrier who is experiencing repeated viral infections.[4]
Group A Streptococcus
- Strep pharyngitis occurs predominantly, though not exclusively, in school-age children.[1]
- Symptoms develop after a short incubation period of 24 to 72 hours.[5]
- Symptoms can vary widely, with some patients experiencing the full effects of the syndrome while others, such as those who have undergone tonsillectomy, may have milder symptoms.[1]
- Untreated, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) infection lasts 7-10 days. Patients with untreated streptococcal pharyngitis are infectious during the acute phase of the illness and for one additional week.
- Effective antibiotic therapy shortens the infectious period to 24 hours, reduces the duration of symptoms by about one day, and prevents most complications.[5]
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- The incubation period of Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection range between 2-4 weeks.[5]
- Diphtheria common in children and primarily among unimmunized or poorly immunized members of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.[1]
Complications
Identifying the cause of pharyngitis, especially GABHS, is important to prevent potential life-threatening complications.☃☃ Serious complications of pharyngitis may include peritonsillar abscess or retropharyngeal abscess.☃☃ Complications of pharyngitis based on the causing agent include the following: [6]
| Common complications | |
| Pathogen | Complications |
|---|---|
| Group A Streptococcus |
Suppurative complications
Non-suppurative complications
|
| Influenza | |
| Adenovirus | |
| Cocksackie A virus | |
| Epstein barr virus | |
| Less common complications | |
| Gonococcus | |
| Diphtheria | |
| Heamophilis influenza | |
| Fusobacterium necrophorum | |
| Parainfluenza virus | |
Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis Complications
Rheumatic fever
Rheumatic fever is exceedingly rare in the United States and other developed countries (annual incidence of less than one case per 100,000). This illness should be suspected in any patient with joint swelling and pain, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum or heart murmur, and a confirmed streptococcal infection during the preceding month. Patients will have an elevated antistreptolysin- O titer and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.[5]
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis is another rare complication of GABHS pharyngitis, although treatment with antibiotics does not prevent it. Patients present with hematuria and, frequently, edema in the setting of a recent streptococcal infection with an elevated antistreptolysin-O titer.[5]
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever is another complication of GABHS pharyngitis and usually presents as a rash characterized by punctate, erythematous, branch able, sandpaper-like exanthematous rash. Rash distributes in the neck, groin, and axillae, and accentuate specifically in the body folds and creases. Other findings include pharynx and tonsils appear erythematous and covered with exudates and tongue appears as bright red with white coating, also known as strawberry tongue.
Prognosis
Most cases of pharyngitis go away on their own without complications.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Bisno AL (2001) Acute pharyngitis. N Engl J Med 344 (3):205-11. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 PMID: 11172144
- ↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.
- ↑ St Sauver JL, Weaver AL, Orvidas LJ, Jacobson RM, Jacobsen SJ (2006) Population-based prevalence of repeated group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis episodes. Mayo Clin Proc 81 (9):1172-6. PMID: 16970213
- ↑ Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G et al. (2012) Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 55 (10):1279-82. DOI:10.1093/cid/cis847 PMID: 23091044
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Vincent MT, Celestin N, Hussain AN (2004) Pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 69 (6):1465-70. PMID: 15053411
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Murray RC, Chennupati SK (2012). "Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis". Infect Disord Drug Targets. 12 (4): 281–5. PMID 22338589.