Hemoptysis pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]

Overview

Pathophysiology

Physiology

Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. By OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0,[1]
This slide shows the arterial and venous blood circulation of the pulmonary system. By Artwork by Holly Fischer - http://open.umich.edu/education/med/resources/second-look-series/materials - Respiratory Tract Slide 20, CC BY 3.0,[2]


Pathogenesis

  • Hemoptysis is an important symptom that has different etiologies and pathogenesis mechanisms.[3]
  • Blood in the hemoptysis is mostly originated from the pulmonary vasculature. However, it could be from the gastrointestinal system as well.
  • Hemoptysis could be happened following infarction and ischemia of pulmonary parenchyma. It is seen in following conditions:
    • Pulmonary emboli
    • Vasculitis including:
      • Wegener's granulomatosis
    • Infections including:
      • Staphylococcus aureus
      • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      • Aspergillus fumigatus
      • The phycomycetes
  • Another mechanism of hemoptysis is vascular engorgement with erosion. It is seen in following conditions:
    • Acute infection such as
      • Viral bronchitis
      • Bacterial bronchitis
    • Chronic infection such as bronchiectasis
    • Toxic exposure such as cigarette smoke

Genetics

  • [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
  • Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
  • The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.

Associated Conditions

Gross Pathology

  • On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Microscopic Pathology

  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

References

  1. "File:2119 Pulmonary Circuit.jpg - Wikimedia Commons".
  2. "File:Pulmonary Blood Circulation.png - Wikimedia Commons".
  3. "Hemoptysis - Clinical Methods - NCBI Bookshelf".