Germ cell tumor
Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox
Germ Cell Tumors Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Huda A. Karman, M.D.
Synonyms and keywords: Polyembryoma; Embryonal carcinoma
Overview
A germ-cell tumor (GCT) is a neoplasm derived from germ cells and it can be cancerous or benign. Germ cells can be intragonadal (ovary and testis or extragonadal (may be birth defects resulting from errors during development o f the embryo).
Classification
Germ cell tumors can be classified as follows:
Histologic-based classification
Germ cell tumors | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Germinomatous/Undifferentiated/Immature | Nongerminomatous/Differentiated/Embryonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dysgerminoma(Ovary) | Seminoma(Testis) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Embryonal carcinoma | embryonic tissue | Extraembryonic tissue | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Teratoma | Yolk sac tumor | Choriocarcinoma | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Location-based classification, regardless to the histologic findings:
Germ cell tumors | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gonadal | Extragonadal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Located in the gonads
| Located in the midline of the body including:
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Types | Subtypes | Signs and Symptoms | Histopathology | Lab finding | Prognosis |
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Germinomatous
/Undifferentiated
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Seminoma (Testis) |
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Gross: pale gray to yellow nodules that are uniform or slightly lobulated and often bulge from the cut surface |
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Dysgerminoma (Ovary) |
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** Dysgerminoma is radiosensitive. ** Radiotherapy is not anymore the first option of treatment for dysgerminoma considering its association with ovarian failuredevelopment.
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Germinomatous/
Differentiated |
Embryonic |
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Teratoma |
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Extraembryonic |
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Choriocarcinoma(Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] |
Early Symptoms:
Rare Symptoms:
Late Symptoms
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Gross pathological:
Microscopic histopathological:
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG or b-HCG) is the most common tumor marker test used to diagnose GTD
HCG is markedly elevated (usu. >10,000 IU
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(Endodermal sinus tumor) |
Symptoms:[9][10]
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References
- ↑ Signs and symptoms of gestational trophoblastic disease. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/gestational-trophoblastic-disease/signs-and-symptoms/?region=ns Accessed on October 10, 2015
- ↑ Ober, William B.; Edgcomb, John H.; Price, Edward B. (1971). "THE PATHOLOGY OF CHORIOCARCINOMA". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 172 (10 Physiology a): 299–426. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb34943.x. ISSN 0077-8923.
- ↑ Smith, Harriet O.; Kohorn, Ernest; Cole, Laurence A. (2005). "Choriocarcinoma and Gestational Trophoblastic Disease". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 32 (4): 661–684. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2005.08.001. ISSN 0889-8545.
- ↑ Cellular Classification of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/gestational-trophoblastic/hp/gtd-treatment-pdq/#section/_5 Accessed on October 8, 2015
- ↑ Young RH, Scully RE (March 1984). "Placental-site trophoblastic tumor: current status". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 27 (1): 248–58. PMID 6200262.
- ↑ Allison KH, Love JE, Garcia RL (December 2006). "Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: review of a rare neoplasm of the chorionic-type intermediate trophoblast". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 130 (12): 1875–7. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1875:ETTROA]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17149967.
- ↑ Diagnosing gestational trophoblastic disease. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/gestational-trophoblastic-disease/diagnosis/?region=ns Accessed on October 13, 2015
- ↑ Choriocarcinoma. librepathology.org. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Choriocarcinoma Accessed on October 8, 2015
- ↑ Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071716727.
- ↑ Gershenson DM, Del Junco G, Herson J, Rutledge FN (1983). "Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: the M. D. Anderson experience". Obstet Gynecol. 61 (2): 194–202. PMID 6185892.
- ↑ Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071716727.
- ↑ Talerman A, Haije WG, Baggerman L (1980). "Serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) in patients with germ cell tumors of the gonads and extragonadal sites: correlation between endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor and raised serum AFP". Cancer. 46 (2): 380–5. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19800715)46:2<380::aid-cncr2820460228>3.0.co;2-u. PMID 6155988.
- ↑ Siltanen S, Anttonen M, Heikkilä P, Narita N, Laitinen M, Ritvos O; et al. (1999). "Transcription factor GATA-4 is expressed in pediatric yolk sac tumors". Am J Pathol. 155 (6): 1823–9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65500-9. PMC 1866939. PMID 10595911.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST (2002). "CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis". Radiographics. 22 (6): 1305–25. doi:10.1148/rg.226025033. PMID 12432104.
- ↑ Hung JH, Shen SH, Hung J, Lai CR (2007). "Ultrasound and magnetic resonance images of endodermal sinus tumor". J Chin Med Assoc. 70 (11): 514–8. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(08)70052-2. PMID 18063508.
- ↑ Kato N, Tamura G, Fukase M, Shibuya H, Motoyama T (2003). "Hypermethylation of the RUNX3 gene promoter in testicular yolk sac tumor of infants". Am J Pathol. 163 (2): 387–91. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63668-1. PMC 1868235. PMID 12875960.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Definition of endodermal sinus tumor - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute".
- ↑ Stage Information for Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors. http://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/hp/ovarian-germ-cell-treatment-pdq#section/_8. URL Accessed on November 5, 2015
Causes
- The cause of germ cell tumor is not understood fully but there are many risk factors that believed to play a role in the development of germ cell tumors.
Germ cell tumor | causes |
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General Causes |
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Dysgerminoma |
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Seminoma | Common causes
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Embryonal cell carcinoma |
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Choriocarcinoma |
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Yolk sac tumor |
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