Endocarditis historical background: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
 
(26 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
{{Endocarditis}}
{{Endocarditis}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-in-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{Maliha}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Important landmarks in the history of endocarditis include the following:
[[Endocarditis]] was first described in 1554.  The [[inflammatory]] process associated with [[endocarditis]] was discovered in 1799.  [[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] were first discovered to be associated with [[endocarditis]] in 1806.


*1554: Earliest report of endocarditis in medical books
==Historical Perspective==
*1669: Accurately described [[tricuspid valve]] [[endocarditis]]
 
*1646: Described unusual "outgrowths" from autopsy of patient with endocarditis; detected murmurs by placing hand on patient's chest
=== Discovery ===
*1708: Described unusual structures in entrance of aorta
Important landmarks in the history of [[endocarditis]] include the following:<ref name="pmid15207065">{{cite journal| author=Millar BC, Moore JE| title=Emerging issues in infective endocarditis. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 6 | pages= 1110-6 | pmid=15207065 | doi=10.3201/eid1006.030848 | pmc=PMC3323180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15207065  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21537712">{{cite journal| author=Grinberg M, Solimene MC| title=Historical aspects of infective endocarditis. | journal=Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 228-33 | pmid=21537712 | doi=10.1590/s0104-42302011000200023 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537712  }}</ref><ref name="Contrepois2012">{{cite journal|last1=Contrepois|first1=Alain|title=Towards a history of infective endocarditis|journal=Medical History|volume=40|issue=1|year=2012|pages=25–54|issn=0025-7273|doi=10.1017/S0025727300060658}}</ref><ref name="pmid32089994">{{cite journal| author=Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, Weisz SH, Ascione L, Caso P | display-authors=etal| title=Infective Endocarditis: Echocardiographic Imaging and New Imaging Modalities. | journal=J Cardiovasc Echogr | year= 2019 | volume= 29 | issue= 4 | pages= 149-155 | pmid=32089994 | doi=10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19 | pmc=7011492 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32089994  }}</ref>
*1715: Described abnormality in [[aortic|aortic valve]] and [[mitral valve]]
 
*1749: Described valvular lesions
*In 1554: Earliest report of [[endocarditis]] in medical books.
*1769: Linked infectious disease and [[endocarditis]]; observed association with the spleen
*In 1669: Accurately description of [[tricuspid valve]] [[endocarditis]].
*1784: Accurately drew intracardiac abnormalities
*In 1646: Description of unusual "outgrowths" from [[autopsy]] of a patient with [[endocarditis]]; detected [[murmur]]s by placing a hand on patient's chest.
*1797: Showed relationship between rheumatism and heart disease
*In 1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of [[aorta]].
*1799: Described inflammatory process associated with [[endocarditis]]
*In 1715: Description of abnormality in [[aortic|aortic valve]] and [[mitral valve]].
*1806: Described unusual structures in heart as "vegetations," syphilitic virus as causative agent of [[endocarditis]], and theory of antiviral treatment of [[endocarditis]]
*In 1749: Description of [[valvular]] lesions.
*1809: Indicated vegetations were not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to heart wall
*In 1769: Link between infectious disease and [[endocarditis]] established; association with [[spleen]] observed.
*1815: Elucidated inflammatory processes associated with [[endocarditis]]
*In 1784: Intracardiac abnormalities accurately drawn.
*1816: Invented cylindrical stethoscope to listen to heart murmurs; dismissed link between venereal disease and [[endocarditis]]
*In 1797: Relationship between [[rheumatism]] and [[heart disease]] established.
*1832: Confirmed Laennec's observations
*In 1799: Inflammatory process associated with [[endocarditis]] described.
*1835-40: Named [[endocardium]] and [[endocarditis]]; described symptoms; prescribed herbal tea and bloodletting as treatment regimen; described link between acute [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[endocarditis]]
*In 1806: Described unusual structures in the heart as "[[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]]," [[Syphilis|syphilitic]] virus as a causative agent of [[endocarditis]], and theory of antiviral treatment of [[endocarditis]].
*1852: Described consequences of embolization of vegetations throughout body. Described cutaneous nodules (named "[[Osler's nodes]]" by Libman)
*In 1809: [[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] were described as not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to the heart wall.
*1858-71: Examined fibrin vegetation associated with [[endocarditis]] by microscope; coined term "embolism;" discussed role of bacteria, vibrios, and micrococci in [[endocarditis]]  
*In 1816: Invention of cylindrical [[stethoscope]] used to listen to heart [[murmur]]s; the link between [[Venereal diseases|venereal disease]] and [[endocarditis]] dismissed.
*1861: Confirmed Virchow's theory on emboli
*In 1832: Laennec's observations observed.
*1862: Described granulations or foreign elements in blood and valves, which were motile and resistant to alkalis
*In 1835-40: Named [[endocardium]] and [[endocarditis]]; described symptoms; herbal tea and bloodletting described as treatment regimen; the link between acute [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[endocarditis]] established.
*1868-70: Described infected arterial blood as originating from heart; proposed scarlet fever as cause of [[endocarditis]]
*In 1852: Consequences of [[embolization]] of [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] throughout body described. Described cutaneous nodules (named "[[Osler's nodes]]" by Libman).
*1869: Established "parasites" on skin transported to heart and attached to [[endocardium]]; named "mycosis endocardii"
*In 1858-71: Examined [[fibrin]] [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetation]] associated with [[endocarditis]] by [[microscope]]; coined term "[[embolism]];" discussed role of [[bacteria]], vibrios, and micrococci in [[endocarditis]].
*1872: Detected microorganisms in vegetations of [[endocarditis]]
*In 1861: Virchow's theory on [[emboli]] described.
*1878: All cases of [[endocarditis]] were infectious in origin
*In 1862: Granulations or foreign elements in blood and [[valve]]s described.
*1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce animal model of [[endocarditis]] in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before bacteria grafted onto valve
*In 1868-70: Described infected [[Arterial blood gas|arterial blood]] as originating from the heart; proposed [[scarlet fever]] as a cause of [[endocarditis]].
*1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for bacterial colonization
*In 1869: Established "[[parasites]]" on skin transported to the heart and attached to [[endocardium]]; named ''[[Mycosis]] [[endocarditis]].''
*1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of [[endocarditis]]
*In 1872: Microorganisms in [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] of [[endocarditis]] are described.
*1879: Proposed etiology of [[endocarditis]] was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection"
*In 1878: All cases of [[endocarditis]] were infectious in origin.
*1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures
*In 1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce an animal model of [[endocarditis]] in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before [[bacteria]] grafted onto the [[valve]].
*1881-86: Believed [[endocarditis]] could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from pulmonary lesion to valve through blood
*In 1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for [[bacterial]] colonization.
*1883: Believed microorganisms were result, not cause, of endocarditis
*In 1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of [[endocarditis]].
*1884: Named disease "[[infective endocarditis]]"
*In 1879: Proposed etiology of [[endocarditis]] was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection"
*1886: Demonstrated various bacteria introduced to bloodstream could cause [[endocarditis]] on valve that had previous lesion
*In 1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures.
*1885: Synthesized work of others relating to [[endocarditis]]
*In 1881-86: Believed [[endocarditis]] could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from [[pulmonary]] lesion to valve through blood.
*1899: Described streptococcal, staphylococcal, pneumococcal, and gonococcal endocarditis
*In 1883: Believed [[Microorganism|microorganisms]] were result, not cause, of [[endocarditis]].
*1903: First described "endocarditis lenta"
*In 1884: Named disease "[[infective endocarditis]]".
*1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe cutaneous nodes (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman) in patients with [[endocarditis]]
*In 1886: Demonstrated various [[bacteria]] introduced to bloodstream could cause [[endocarditis]] on valve that had previous lesion.
*1909: Analyzed 150 cases of [[endocarditis]] and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms
*In 1885: Synthesized work of others relating to [[endocarditis]].
*1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "subacute endocarditis," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures
*In 1899: Described [[streptococcal]], [[staphylococcal]], [[pneumococcal]], and [[gonococcal]] [[endocarditis]].
*1981: Described Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions
*In 1903: First described "[[endocarditis]] lenta".
*1994: New criteria utilizing specific echocardiographic findings
*In 1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe [[cutaneous]] nodes (named "[[Osler's node|Osler's nodes]]" by Libman) in patients with [[endocarditis]].
*1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with [[infective endocarditis]] caused by streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and           HACEK (a) microorganisms
*In 1909: Analyzed 150 cases of [[endocarditis]] and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms.
*1996: Modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to allow serologic diagnosis of [[Coxiella burnetii]]
*In 1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "[[subacute endocarditis]]," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures.
*1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial [[endocarditis]]
*In 1981: Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions described.
*1997: Suggested modifications to Duke criteria for clinical diagnosis of native valve and prosthetic valve endocarditis:           analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases
*In 1994: New criteria utilizing specific [[Echocardiography|echocardiographic]] findings.
*1998: Guidelines for antibiotic treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal, and staphylococcal endocarditis  
*In 1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with [[infective endocarditis]] caused by [[streptococci]], [[enterococci]], [[staphylococci]], and [[HACEK microorganisms]] described.
*1998: Antibiotic treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and other streptococci; recommendations for surgical treatment of endocarditis
*In 1996: Modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to allow serologic diagnosis of ''[[Coxiella burnetii]].''
*2000: Updated and modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria]  
*In 1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial [[endocarditis]] established.
*2002: [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents
*In 1997: Modifications to [[Duke criteria]] for clinical diagnosis of native valve and [[prosthetic valve]] endocarditis suggested: Analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases.
*2001-3: Described etiology of Bartonella spp., [[Tropheryma whipplei]], and [[Coxiella burnetii]] in [[endocarditis]]
*In 1998: Guidelines for [[antibiotic]] treatment of [[streptococcal]], [[enterococcal]], and [[staphylococcal]] [[endocarditis]] established.
*In 1998: [[Antibiotic]] treatment of [[Endocarditis|infective endocarditis]] due to [[viridans streptococci]], [[enterococci]], and other [[streptococci]] established; recommendations for surgical treatment of [[endocarditis]].
*In 2000: Updated and modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria].
*In 2002: [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents.
*In 2001-3: Etiology of [[Bartonella]] spp., ''[[Tropheryma whipplei]]'', and ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'' in [[endocarditis]] described.


==References==
==References==
Line 62: Line 67:
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category: Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]


{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 15:26, 3 March 2020

Endocarditis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Infective Endocarditis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications & Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease

Diagnosis and Follow-up

Medical Therapy

Intervention

Case Studies

Case #1

Endocarditis historical background On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Endocarditis historical background

CDC onEndocarditis historical background

Endocarditis historical background in the news

Blogs on Endocarditis historical background

to Hospitals Treating Endocarditis historical background

Risk calculators and risk factors for Endocarditis historical background

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Maliha Shakil, M.D. [3]

Overview

Endocarditis was first described in 1554. The inflammatory process associated with endocarditis was discovered in 1799. Vegetations were first discovered to be associated with endocarditis in 1806.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

Important landmarks in the history of endocarditis include the following:[1][2][3][4]

References

  1. Millar BC, Moore JE (2004). "Emerging issues in infective endocarditis". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (6): 1110–6. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030848. PMC 3323180. PMID 15207065.
  2. Grinberg M, Solimene MC (2011). "Historical aspects of infective endocarditis". Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 57 (2): 228–33. doi:10.1590/s0104-42302011000200023. PMID 21537712.
  3. Contrepois, Alain (2012). "Towards a history of infective endocarditis". Medical History. 40 (1): 25–54. doi:10.1017/S0025727300060658. ISSN 0025-7273.
  4. Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, Weisz SH, Ascione L, Caso P; et al. (2019). "Infective Endocarditis: Echocardiographic Imaging and New Imaging Modalities". J Cardiovasc Echogr. 29 (4): 149–155. doi:10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19. PMC 7011492 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32089994 Check |pmid= value (help).

Template:WH Template:WS